Let be a prime. We assign to each positive number a digraph whose set of vertices is and there exists a directed edge from a vertex to a vertex if . In this paper we obtain a necessary and sufficient condition for .
We investigate the formal matrix ring over defined by a certain system of factors. We give a method for constructing formal matrix rings from non-negative integer matrices. We also show that the principal factor matrix of a binary system of factors determine the structure of the system.
An element in a ring is clean (or, unit-regular) if it is the sum (or, the product) of an idempotent and a unit, and is nil-clean if it is the sum of an idempotent and a nilpotent. Firstly, we show that Jacobson’s lemma does not hold for nil-clean elements in a ring, answering a question posed by Koşan, Wang and Zhou (2016). Secondly, we present new counter-examples to Diesl’s question whether a nil-clean element is clean in a ring. Lastly, we give new examples of unit-regular elements that are...
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