Deficiency of forests
An edge-magic total labeling of an (n,m)-graph G = (V,E) is a one to one map λ from V(G) ∪ E(G) onto the integers {1,2,…,n + m} with the property that there exists an integer constant c such that λ(x) + λ(y) + λ(xy) = c for any xy ∈ E(G). It is called super edge-magic total labeling if λ (V(G)) = {1,2,…,n}. Furthermore, if G has no super edge-magic total labeling, then the minimum number of vertices added to G to have a super edge-magic total labeling, called super edge-magic deficiency of a graph...