Tiling arbitrarily nested loops by means of the transitive closure of dependence graphs
Włodzimierz Bielecki; Marek Pałkowski
International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science (2016)
- Volume: 26, Issue: 4, page 919-939
- ISSN: 1641-876X
Access Full Article
topAbstract
topHow to cite
topWłodzimierz Bielecki, and Marek Pałkowski. "Tiling arbitrarily nested loops by means of the transitive closure of dependence graphs." International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science 26.4 (2016): 919-939. <http://eudml.org/doc/287173>.
@article{WłodzimierzBielecki2016,
abstract = {A novel approach to generation of tiled code for arbitrarily nested loops is presented. It is derived via a combination of the polyhedral and iteration space slicing frameworks. Instead of program transformations represented by a set of affine functions, one for each statement, it uses the transitive closure of a loop nest dependence graph to carry out corrections of original rectangular tiles so that all dependences of the original loop nest are preserved under the lexicographic order of target tiles. Parallel tiled code can be generated on the basis of valid serial tiled code by means of applying affine transformations or transitive closure using on input an inter-tile dependence graph whose vertices are represented by target tiles while edges connect dependent target tiles. We demonstrate how a relation describing such a graph can be formed. The main merit of the presented approach in comparison with the well-known ones is that it does not require full permutability of loops to generate both serial and parallel tiled codes; this increases the scope of loop nests to be tiled.},
author = {Włodzimierz Bielecki, Marek Pałkowski},
journal = {International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science},
keywords = {tiling; transitive closure; source-to-source compiler; polyhedral model; iteration space slicing},
language = {eng},
number = {4},
pages = {919-939},
title = {Tiling arbitrarily nested loops by means of the transitive closure of dependence graphs},
url = {http://eudml.org/doc/287173},
volume = {26},
year = {2016},
}
TY - JOUR
AU - Włodzimierz Bielecki
AU - Marek Pałkowski
TI - Tiling arbitrarily nested loops by means of the transitive closure of dependence graphs
JO - International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science
PY - 2016
VL - 26
IS - 4
SP - 919
EP - 939
AB - A novel approach to generation of tiled code for arbitrarily nested loops is presented. It is derived via a combination of the polyhedral and iteration space slicing frameworks. Instead of program transformations represented by a set of affine functions, one for each statement, it uses the transitive closure of a loop nest dependence graph to carry out corrections of original rectangular tiles so that all dependences of the original loop nest are preserved under the lexicographic order of target tiles. Parallel tiled code can be generated on the basis of valid serial tiled code by means of applying affine transformations or transitive closure using on input an inter-tile dependence graph whose vertices are represented by target tiles while edges connect dependent target tiles. We demonstrate how a relation describing such a graph can be formed. The main merit of the presented approach in comparison with the well-known ones is that it does not require full permutability of loops to generate both serial and parallel tiled codes; this increases the scope of loop nests to be tiled.
LA - eng
KW - tiling; transitive closure; source-to-source compiler; polyhedral model; iteration space slicing
UR - http://eudml.org/doc/287173
ER -
References
top- Ahmed, N., Mateev, N. and Pingali, K. (2000). Tiling imperfectly-nested loop nests, ACM/IEEE 2000 Conference on Supercomputing, Dallas, TX, USA, Article No. 31. Zbl1019.68026
- Andonov, R., Balev, S., Rajopadhye, S. and Yanev, N. (2001). Optimal semi-oblique tiling, IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems 14(9): 940-966.
- Bastoul, C. (2004). Code generation in the polyhedral model is easier than you think, PACT'13, IEEE International Conference on Parallel Architecture and Compilation Techniques, Juan-les-Pins, France, pp. 7-16.
- Bastoul, C. and Feautrier, P. (2003). Improving data locality by chunking, International Conference on Compiler Construction, Warsaw, Poland, pp. 320-335. Zbl1032.68826
- Beletska, A., Bielecki, W., Cohen, A., Palkowski, M. and Siedlecki, K. (2011). Coarse-grained loop parallelization: Iteration space slicing vs affine transformations, Parallel Computing 37(8): 479-497.
- Bielecki, W., Kraska, K. and Klimek, T. (2014). Using basis dependence distance vectors to calculate the transitive closure of dependence relations by means of the Floyd-Warshall algorithm, Journal of Combinatorial Optimization 30(2): 253-275. Zbl06237121
- Bielecki, W., Klimek, T., Palkowski, M. and Beletska, A. (2010). An iterative algorithm of computing the transitive closure of a union of parameterized affine integer tuple relations, in W. Wu and O. Daescu (Eds.), COCOA 2010: Fourth International Conference on Combinatorial Optimization and Applications, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 6508, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp. 104-113. Zbl1310.68169
- Bielecki, W. and Palkowski, M. (2015). Perfectly nested loop tiling transformations based on the transitive closure of the program dependence graph, in A. Wilinski et al. (Eds.), Soft Computing in Computer and Information Science, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, Vol. 342, Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 309-320.
- Bielecki, W., Palkowski, M. and Klimek, T. (2012). Free scheduling for statement instances of parameterized arbitrarily nested affine loops, Parallel Computing 38(9): 518-532.
- Bielecki, W., Palkowski, M. and Klimek, T. (2015). Free scheduling of tiles based on the transitive closure of dependence graphs, in R. Wyrzykowski (Ed.), 11th International Conference on Parallel Processing and Applied Mathematics, Part II, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 9574, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp. 133-142.
- Błaszczyk, J., Karbowski, A. and Malinowski, K. (2007). Object library of algorithms for dynamic optimization problems: Benchmarking SQP and nonlinear interior point methods, International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science 17(4): 515-537, DOI: 10.2478/v10006-007-0043-y. Zbl1234.90022
- Bondhugula, U., Baskaran, M., Krishnamoorthy, S., Ramanujam, J., Rountev, A. and Sadayappan, P. (2008a). Automatic transformations for communication-minimized parallelization and locality optimization in the polyhedral model, in L. Hendren (Ed.), Compiler Constructure, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 4959, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp. 132-146.
- Bondhugula, U., Hartono, A., Ramanujam, J. and Sadayappan, P. (2008b). A practical automatic polyhedral parallelizer and locality optimizer, ACM SIGPLAN Notices 43(6): 101-113.
- Campbell, S.L. (2001). Numerical analysis and systems theory, International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science 11(5): 1025-1034. Zbl1002.93004
- Feautrier, P. (1992a). Some efficient solutions to the affine scheduling problem, I: One-dimensional time, International Journal of Parallel Programming 21(5): 313-348. Zbl0783.90050
- Feautrier, P. (1992b). Some efficient solutions to the affine scheduling problem, II: Multidimensional time, International Journal of Parallel Programming 21(6): 389-420. Zbl0808.90081
- Gan, G., Wang, X., Manzano, J. and Gao, G.R. (2009). Tile reduction: The first step towards tile aware parallelization in openmp, in M.S. Muller et al. (Eds.), Evolving OpenMP in an Age of Extreme Parallelism, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp. 140-153.
- Greenbaum, A. and Chartier, T.P. (2012). Numerical Methods: Design, Analysis, and Computer Implementation of Algorithms, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. Zbl1247.65001
- Griebl, M. (2004). Automatic Parallelization of Loop Programs for Distributed Memory Architectures, D.Sc. thesis, University of Passau, Passau.
- Griebl, M., Feautrier, P. and Lengauer, C. (2000). Index set splitting, International Journal of Parallel Programming 28(6): 607-631.
- Grosser, T., Cohen, A., Kelly, P.H., Ramanujam, J., Sadayappan, P. and Verdoolaege, S. (2013). Split tiling for GPUS: Automatic parallelization using trapezoidal tiles, Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on General Purpose Processor Using Graphics Processing Units, Houston, TX, USA, pp. 24-31.
- Irigoin, F. and Triolet, R. (1988). Supernode partitioning, Proceedings of the 15th ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages, POPL'88, San Diego, CA, USA, pp. 319-329.
- Jeffers, J. and Reinders, J. (2015). High Performance Parallelism Pearls, Volume Two: Multicore and Many-Core Programming Approaches, Morgan Kaufmann, Burlington, MA.
- Kelly, W., Maslov, V., Pugh, W., Rosser, E., Shpeisman, T. and Wonnacott, D. (1995). The omega library interface guide, Technical report, University of Maryland at College Park, MD.
- Kelly, W., Pugh, W., Rosser, E. and Shpeisman, T. (1996). Transitive closure of infinite graphs and its applications, International Journal of Parallel Programming 24(6): 579-598.
- Kim, D. and Rajopadhye, S.V. (2009). Parameterized tiling for imperfectly nested loops, Technical Report CS-09-101, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO.
- Kowarschik, M. and Weiß, C. (2003). An overview of cache optimization techniques and cache-aware numerical algorithms, in U. Meyer et al. (Eds.), Algorithms for Memory Hierarchies, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp. 213-232. Zbl1024.68768
- Leader, J.J. (2004). Numerical Analysis and Scientific Computation, Pearson Addison/Wesley Boston, MA.
- Lim, A., Cheong, G.I. and Lam, M.S. (1999). An affine partitioning algorithm to maximize parallelism and minimize communication, Proceedings of the 13th ACM SIGARCH International Conference on Supercomputing, Rhodes, Greece, pp. 228-237.
- Lim, A.W. and Lam, M.S. (1994). Communication-free parallelization via affine transformations, in K. Pingali et al. (Eds.), 24th ACM Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages, Springer-Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp. 92-106.
- Maciążek, M., Grabowski, D. and Pasko, M. (2015). Genetic and combinatorial algorithms for optimal sizing and placement of active power filters, International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science 25(2): 269-279, DOI: 10.1515/amcs-2015-0021. Zbl1322.93014
- McMahon, F.H. (1986). The Livermore Fortran kernels: A computer test of the numerical performance range, Technical Report UCRL-53745, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA.
- Mullapudi, R.T. and Bondhugula, U. (2014). Tiling for dynamic scheduling, IMPACT 2014, 14th International Workshop on Polyhedral Compilation Techniques, Vienna, Austria.
- NAS (2015). NAS benchmarks suite, http://www.nas. nasa.gov.
- OpenMP Architecture Review Board (2012). OpenMP application program interface version 4.0, http:// www.openmp.org/mp-documents/OpenMP4. 0RC1_final.pdf.
- Palkowski, M., Klimek, T. and Bielecki, W. (2015). TRACO: An automatic loop nest parallelizer for numerical applications, Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems, Łódź, Poland, pp. 681-686
- Pol (2012). The Polyhedral benchmark suite, http://www. cse.ohio-state.edu/~pouchet/software/ polybench/.
- Pugh, W. and Rosser, E. (1997). Iteration space slicing and its application to communication optimization, International Conference on Supercomputing, Vienna, Austria, pp. 221-228.
- Pugh, W. and Rosser, E. (1999). Iteration space slicing for locality, in L. Carter and J. Ferrante (Eds.), Languages and Compilers for Parallel Computing, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 1863, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp. 164-184.
- Pugh, W. and Wonnacott, D. (1993). An exact method for analysis of value-based array data dependences, 6th Annual Workshop on Programming Languages and Compilers for Parallel Computing, Portland, OR, USA, pp. 546-566.
- Pugh, W. and Wonnacott, D. (1994). Static analysis of upper and lower bounds on dependences and parallelism, ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems 16(4): 1248-1278.
- Ramanujam, J. and Sadayappan, P. (1992). Tiling multidimensional iteration spaces for multicomputers, Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing 16(2): 108-120.
- Sass, R. and Mutka, M. (1994). Enabling unimodular transformations, Proceedings of the 1994 ACM/IEEE Conference on Supercomputing, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 753-762.
- Strout, M.M., Carter, L., Ferrante, J. and Kreaseck, B. (2004). Sparse tiling for stationary iterative methods, International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications 18(1): 2004.
- Tang, P. and Xue, J. (2000). Generating efficient tiled code for distributed memory machines, Parallel Computing 26(11): 1369-1410. Zbl0948.68073
- Verdoolaege, S. (2011). Integer set library-manual, http:// www.kotnet.org/~skimo//isl/manual.pdf.
- Verdoolaege, S. (2012). Barvinok: User guide, Barvinok-0.36, www.garage.kotnet.org/~skimo/barvinok/ barvinok.pdf.
- Verdoolaege, S., Cohen, A. and Beletska, A. (2011). Transitive closures of affine integer tuple relations and their overapproximations, in E. Yahav (Ed.), Proceedings of the 18th international Conference on Static analysis, SAS'11, Springer-Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp. 216-232.
- Wolf, M.E. and Lam, M.S. (1991). A data locality optimizing algorithm, Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 1991 Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation, Toronto, Canada, pp. 30-44.
- Wonnacott, D.G. and Strout, M.M. (2013). On the scalability of loop tiling techniques, Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Polyhedral Compilation Techniques (IMPACT), Berlin, Germany.
- Wonnacott, D., Jin, T. and Lake, A. (2015). Automatic tiling of mostly-tileable loop nests, IMPACT 2015, 5th International Workshop on Polyhedral Compilation Techniques, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Xue, J. (1996). Communication-minimal tiling of uniform dependence loops, Languages and Compilers for Parallel Computing, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp. 330-349.
- Xue, J. (1997). On tiling as a loop transformation, Parallel Processing Letters 7(4): 409-424.
- Xue, J. (2012). Loop Tiling for Parallelism, Springer Science & Business Media, Springer-Verlag, New York, NY. Zbl0964.68025
- Zdunek, R. (2014). Regularized nonnegative matrix factorization: Geometrical interpretation and application to spectral unmixing, International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science 24(2): 233-247, DOI: 10.2478/amcs-2014-0017. Zbl1293.65058
NotesEmbed ?
topTo embed these notes on your page include the following JavaScript code on your page where you want the notes to appear.