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To every graph (or digraph) A, there is an associated automorphism group Aut(A). Frucht’s theorem asserts the converse association; that for any finite group G there is a graph (or digraph) A for which Aut(A) ∼= G. A new operation on digraphs was introduced recently as an aid in solving certain questions regarding cancellation over the direct product of digraphs. Given a digraph A, its factorial A! is certain digraph whose vertex set is the permutations of V (A). The arc set E(A!) forms a group,...
Given graphs A, B and C for which A×C ≅ B×C, it is not generally true that A ≅ B. However, it is known that A×C ≅ B×C implies A ≅ B provided that C is non-bipartite, or that there are homomorphisms from A and B to C. This note proves an additional cancellation property. We show that if B and C are bipartite, then A×C ≅ B×C implies A ≅ B if and only if no component of B admits an involution that interchanges its partite sets.
We investigate expressions of form A×C ≅ B×C involving direct products of digraphs. Lovász gave exact conditions on C for which it necessarily follows that A ≅ B. We are here concerned with a different aspect of cancellation. We describe exact conditions on A for which it necessarily follows that A ≅ B. In the process, we do the following: Given an arbitrary digraph A and a digraph C that admits a homomorphism onto an arc, we classify all digraphs B for which A×C ≅ B×C.
The proper connection number of a graph is the least integer k for which the graph has an edge coloring with k colors, with the property that any two vertices are joined by a properly colored path. We prove that given two connected non-bipartite graphs, one of which is (vertex) 2-connected, the proper connection number of their direct product is 2.
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