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Let be the adjacency matrix of . The characteristic polynomial of the adjacency matrix is called the characteristic polynomial of the graph and is denoted by or simply . The spectrum of consists of the roots (together with their multiplicities) of the equation . The largest root is referred to as the spectral radius of . A -shape is a tree with exactly two of its vertices having maximal degree 4. We will denote by
, , a -shape tree such that , where and...
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