Maximizing properties of extremal surfaces in general relativity

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5. [5] The operators which we define on the normal bundle would correspond to operators acting on scalars in the usual [1] « 3 + 1 decomposition ». See appendix of [2] for more detail. Among the advantages of using the normal bundle are that e. g. the mean curvature vector is independent of the choice of normal direction, and that the approach can more easily be generalized to hypersurfaces of higher codimension. 
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13. [13] We use the convention of earlier publications [11, 12], without a factor 1/2. The « unit » 3-sphere then has radius 2 rather than 1. 
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