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Let $A\left(G\right)$ be the adjacency matrix of $G$. The characteristic polynomial of the adjacency matrix $A$ is called the characteristic polynomial of the graph $G$ and is denoted by $\phi (G,\lambda )$ or simply $\phi \left(G\right)$. The spectrum of $G$ consists of the roots (together with their multiplicities) ${\lambda }_1\left(G\right)\ge {\lambda }_2\left(G\right)\ge ...\ge {\lambda }_n\left(G\right)$ of the equation $\phi (G,\lambda )=0$. The largest root ${\lambda }_1\left(G\right)$ is referred to as the spectral radius of $G$. A $‡$-shape is a tree with exactly two of its vertices having maximal degree 4. We will denote by $G(l_1,l_2,...,l_7)$ $(l_1\ge 0$, $l_i\ge 1$, $i=2,3,...,7)$ a $‡$-shape tree such that $G(l_1,l_2,...,l_7)-u-v=P_{l_1}\cup P_{l_2}\cup ...\cup P_{l_7}$, where $u$ and...

Let $G$ be a connected graph of order $n$ and $U$ a unicyclic graph with the same order. We firstly give a sharp bound for $m_G\left(\mu \right)$, the multiplicity of a Laplacian eigenvalue $\mu$ of $G$. As a straightforward result, $m_U\left(1\right)\le n-2$. We then provide two graph operations (i.e., grafting and shifting) on graph $G$ for which the value of $m_G\left(1\right)$ is nondecreasing. As applications, we get the distribution of $m_U\left(1\right)$ for unicyclic graphs on $n$ vertices. Moreover, for the two largest possible values of $m_U\left(1\right)\in \{n-5,n-3\}$, the corresponding graphs $U$ are completely...