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We study the problem of approximation by the sets S + K(H), $S_e$, V + K(H) and $V_e$ where H is a separable complex Hilbert space, K(H) is the ideal of compact operators, $S=L\in B\left(H\right):L*L=I$ is the set of isometries, V = S ∪ S* is the set of maximal partial isometries, $S_e=L\in B\left(H\right):\pi (L*)\pi \left(L\right)=\pi \left(I\right)$ and $V_e=S_e\cup S_e*$ where π : B(H) → B(H)/K(H) denotes the canonical projection. We also prove that all the relevant distances are attained. This implies that all these classes are closed and we remark that $V_e=V+K\left(H\right)$. We also show that S + K(H) is both closed and open in $S_e$....

We show that the essential spectral radius ${\varrho }_e\left(T\right)$ of T ∈ B(H) can be calculated by the formula ${\varrho }_e\left(T\right)$ = inf${ℱ}_{♯·♯}\left(XT{X}^{-1}\right)$: X an invertible operator, where ${ℱ}_{♯·♯}\left(T\right)$ is a Φ₁-perturbation function introduced by Mbekhta [J. Operator Theory 51 (2004)]. Also, we show that if ${}_{♯·♯}\left(T\right)$ is a Φ₂-perturbation function [loc. cit.] and if T is a Fredholm operator, then $dist(0,{\sigma }_e\left(T\right))$ = sup${}_{♯·♯}\left(XT{X}^{-1}\right)$: X an invertible operator.