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It is well-known that every bounded Abelian group is a direct sum of finite cyclic subgroups. We characterize those non-trivial bounded subgroups $H$ of an infinite Abelian group $G$, for which there is an infinite subgroup $G_0$ of $G$ containing $H$ such that $G_0$ has a special decomposition into a direct sum which takes into account the properties of $G$, and which induces a natural decomposition of $H$ into a direct sum of finite subgroups.

Let $X$ be an Abelian topological group. A subgroup $H$ of $X$ is characterized if there is a sequence $𝐮=\left\{u_n\right\}$ in the dual group of $X$ such that $H=\{x\in X:(u_n,x)\to 1\}$. We reduce the study of characterized subgroups of $X$ to the study of characterized subgroups of compact metrizable Abelian groups. Let $c_0\left(X\right)$ be the group of all $X$-valued null sequences and ${𝔲}_0$ be the uniform topology on $c_0\left(X\right)$. If $X$ is compact we prove that $c_0\left(X\right)$ is a characterized subgroup of $X^{\mathbb{N}}$ if and only if $X\cong {𝕋}^n\times F$, where $n\ge 0$ and $F$ is a finite Abelian group. For every compact Abelian...