Let $p^{\text{'}}$ and $q^{\text{'}}$ be points in ${ℝ}^n$. Write $p^{\text{'}}\sim q^{\text{'}}$ if $p^{\text{'}}-q^{\text{'}}$ is a multiple of $(1,...,1)$. Two different points $p$ and $q$ in ${ℝ}^n/\sim$ uniquely determine a tropical line $L(p,q)$ passing through them and stable under small perturbations. This line is a balanced unrooted semi-labeled tree on $n$ leaves. It is also a metric graph. If some representatives $p^{\text{'}}$ and $q^{\text{'}}$ of $p$ and $q$ are the first and second columns of some real normal idempotent order $n$ matrix $A$, we prove that the tree $L(p,q)$ is described by a matrix $F$, easily obtained from $A$. We also...

The function $f\left(z\right)=z^p+{\sum }_{k=1}^{\infty }{a}_{p+k}{z}^{p+k}$ (p ∈ ℕ = 1,2,3,...) analytic in the unit disk E is said to be in the class $K_{n,p}\left(h\right)$ if ($D^{n+p}f)/\left(D^{n+p-1}f\right)\prec h$, where $D^{n+p-1}f=\left(z^p\right)/\left({(1-z)}^{p+n}\right)*f$ and h is convex univalent in E with h(0) = 1. We study the class $K_{n,p}\left(h\right)$ and investigate whether the inclusion relation $K_{n+1,p}\left(h\right)\subseteq K_{n,p}\left(h\right)$ holds for p > 1. Some coefficient estimates for the class are also obtained. The class $A_{n,p}(a,h)$ of functions satisfying the condition $a*\left(D^{n+p}f\right)/\left(D^{n+p-1}f\right)+(1-a)*\left(D^{n+p+1}f\right)/\left(D^{n+p}f\right)\prec h$ is also studied.

Let $F$ and $G$ be distributions in ${𝒟}^{\text{'}}$ and let $f$ be an infinitely differentiable function with $f^{\text{'}}\left(x\right)>0$, (or $<0$). It is proved that if the neutrix product $F\circ G$ exists and equals $H$, then the neutrix product $F\left(f\right)\circ G\left(f\right)$ exists and equals $H\left(f\right)$.

The note develops results from [5] where an invariance under the Möbius transform mapping the upper halfplane onto itself of the Weinstein operator $W_k:=\Delta +\frac{k}{x_n}\frac{\partial }{\partial x_n}$ on ${ℝ}^n$ is proved. In this note there is shown that in the cases $k\ne 0$, $k\ne 2$ no other transforms of this kind exist and for case $k=2$, all such transforms are described.

The main object of this work is to describe such weight functions w(t) that for all elements $f\in L_{p,\Omega }$ the estimate $\parallel wf{\parallel }_p\ge K\left(\Omega \right)\parallel f{\parallel }_p$ is valid with a constant K(Ω), which does not depend on f and it grows to infinity when the domain Ω shrinks, i.e. deforms into a lower dimensional convex set ${\Omega }_{\infty }$. In one-dimensional case means that $K\left(\sigma \right):=K\left({\Omega }_{\sigma }\right)\to \infty$ as σ → 0. It should be noted that in the framework of the signal transmission problem such estimates describe a signal’s behavior under the influence of detection and amplification....

1. Introduction. Let p be a prime number and ${\mathbb{Z}}_p$ the ring of p-adic integers. Let k be a finite extension of the rational number field ℚ, $k_{\infty }$ a ${\mathbb{Z}}_p$-extension of k, $k_n$ the nth layer of $k_{\infty }/k$, and $A_n$ the p-Sylow subgroup of the ideal class group of $k_n$. Iwasawa proved the following well-known theorem about the order $A_n$ of $A_n$: Theorem A (Iwasawa). Let $k_{\infty }/k$ be a ${\mathbb{Z}}_p$-extension and $A_n$ the p-Sylow subgroup of the ideal class group of $k_n$, where $k_n$ is the $n$th layer of $k_{\infty }/k$. Then there exist integers $\lambda =\lambda (k_{\infty }/k)\ge 0$, $\mu =\mu (k_{\infty }/k)\ge 0$, $\nu =\nu (k_{\infty }/k)$, and n₀ ≥ 0...