1. Introduction. Let p be a prime number and ${\mathbb{Z}}_p$ the ring of p-adic integers. Let k be a finite extension of the rational number field ℚ, $k_{\infty }$ a ${\mathbb{Z}}_p$-extension of k, $k_n$ the nth layer of $k_{\infty }/k$, and $A_n$ the p-Sylow subgroup of the ideal class group of $k_n$. Iwasawa proved the following well-known theorem about the order $A_n$ of $A_n$: Theorem A (Iwasawa). Let $k_{\infty }/k$ be a ${\mathbb{Z}}_p$-extension and $A_n$ the p-Sylow subgroup of the ideal class group of $k_n$, where $k_n$ is the $n$th layer of $k_{\infty }/k$. Then there exist integers $\lambda =\lambda (k_{\infty }/k)\ge 0$, $\mu =\mu (k_{\infty }/k)\ge 0$, $\nu =\nu (k_{\infty }/k)$, and n₀ ≥ 0...

Let $L\left(X\right)$ be the space of all lower semi-continuous extended real-valued functions on a Hausdorff space $X$, where, by identifying each $f$ with the epi-graph $epi\left(f\right)$, $L\left(X\right)$ is regarded the subspace of the space ${Cld}_F^{*}(X\times ℝ)$ of all closed sets in $X\times ℝ$ with the Fell topology. Let $$LSC\left(X\right)=\{f\in L\left(X\right)\mid f\left(X\right)\cap ℝ\ne \varnothing ,f\left(X\right)\subset (-\infty ,\infty ]\}\text{and}{LSC}_B\left(X\right)=\{f\in L\left(X\right)\mid f\left(X\right)\text{is}\text{a}\text{bounded}\text{subset}\text{of}ℝ\}.$$ We show that $L\left(X\right)$ is homeomorphic to the Hilbert cube $Q={[-1,1]}^{\mathbb{N}}$ if and only if $X$ is second countable, locally compact and infinite. In this case, it is proved that $(L\left(X\right),LSC\left(X\right),{LSC}_B\left(X\right))$ is homeomorphic to $(ConeQ,Q\times (0,1),\Sigma \times (0,1\left)\right)$ (resp. $(Q,s,\Sigma )$) if $X$ is compact (resp. $X$ is non-compact), where $ConeQ=(Q\times 𝐈)/(Q\times \{1\left\}\right)$ is...

We consider the Robin eigenvalue problem $\Delta u+\lambda u=0$ in $\Omega$, $\partial u/\partial \nu +\alpha u=0$ on $\partial \Omega$ where $\Omega \subset {ℝ}^n$, $n\ge 2$ is a bounded domain and $\alpha$ is a real parameter. We investigate the behavior of the eigenvalues ${\lambda }_k\left(\alpha \right)$ of this problem as functions of the parameter $\alpha$. We analyze the monotonicity and convexity properties of the eigenvalues and give a variational proof of the formula for the derivative ${\lambda }_1^{\text{'}}\left(\alpha \right)$. Assuming that the boundary $\partial \Omega$ is of class $C^2$ we obtain estimates to the difference ${\lambda }_k^D-{\lambda }_k\left(\alpha \right)$ between the $k$-th eigenvalue of the Laplace operator with...

We discuss the propagation of electromagnetic waves of a special form through an inhomogeneous isotropic medium which has a cylindrical symmetry and a nonlinear dielectric response. For the case where this response is of self-focusing type the problem is treated in [1]. Here we continue this study by dealing with a defocusing dielectric response. This tends to inhibit the guidance properties of the medium and so guidance can only be expected provided that the cylindrical stratification...

Let $D$ be a nonempty compact subset of a Banach space $X$ and denote by $S\left(X\right)$ the family of all nonempty bounded closed convex subsets of $X$. We endow $S\left(X\right)$ with the Hausdorff metric and show that there exists a set $ℱ\subset S\left(X\right)$ such that its complement $S\left(X\right)\setminus ℱ$ is $\sigma$-porous and such that for each $A\in ℱ$ and each $\tilde{x}\in D$, the set of solutions of the best approximation problem $\parallel \tilde{x}-z\parallel \to min$, $z\in A$, is nonempty and compact, and each minimizing sequence has a convergent subsequence.