Consider the domain $Z_{ϵ}=\{x\in {ℝ}^n;dist(x,ϵ{\mathbb{Z}}^n)>{ϵ}^{\gamma }\}$ and let the free path length be defined as ${\tau }_{ϵ}(x,v)=inf\{t>0;x-tv\in Z_{ϵ}\}.$ In the Boltzmann-Grad scaling corresponding to $\gamma =\frac{n}{n-1}$, it is shown that the limiting distribution ${\phi }_{ϵ}$ of ${\tau }_{ϵ}$ is bounded from below by an expression of the form , for some . A numerical study seems to indicate that asymptotically for large , ${\phi }_{ϵ}\sim C/t$. This is an extension of a previous work [J. Bourgain , (1998) 491-508]. As a consequence, it is proved that the linear Boltzmann type transport equation is inappropriate...

We consider a finite-dimensional control system $\left(\Sigma \right)\dot{x}\left(t\right)=f(x\left(t\right),u\left(t\right))$, such that there exists a feedback stabilizer that renders $\dot{x}=f(x,k\left(x\right))$ globally asymptotically stable. Moreover, for with an output map and $1\le p\le q\le \infty$, we assume that there exists a ${𝒦}_{\infty }$-function such that $\parallel H\left(x_u\right){\parallel }_q\le {\alpha (\parallel u\parallel }_p)$, where is the maximal solution of ${\left(\Sigma \right)}_k\dot{x}\left(t\right)=f(x\left(t\right),k\left(x\left(t\right)\right)+u\left(t\right))$, corresponding to and to the initial condition . Then, the gain function $G_{(H,p,q)}$ of given by 14.5cm $$G_{(H,p,q)}\left(X\right)\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\underset{{\parallel u\parallel }_p=X}{sup}{\parallel H\left(x_u\right)\parallel }_q,$$ is well-defined. We call profile of for any ${𝒦}_{\infty }$-function which is of the same order of magnitude...