To represent a set whose members are known partially, the graded ill-known set is proposed. In this paper, we investigate calculations of function values of graded ill-known sets. Because a graded ill-known set is characterized by a possibility distribution in the power set, the calculations of function values of graded ill-known sets are based on the extension principle but generally complex. To reduce the complexity, lower and upper approximations of a given graded ill-known set are used at the...

The notion of solvability in the call-by-value λ-calculus is defined and completely characterized, both from an operational and a logical point of view. The operational characterization is given through a reduction machine, performing the classical β-reduction, according to an innermost strategy. In fact, it turns out that the call-by-value reduction rule is too weak for capturing the solvability property of terms. The logical characterization is given through an intersection type assignment system,...

A hull of A ⊆ [0,1] is a set H containing A such that λ*(H) = λ*(A). We investigate all four versions of the following problem. Does there exist a monotone (with respect to inclusion) map that assigns a Borel/$G_{\delta }$ hull to every negligible/measurable subset of [0,1]? Three versions turn out to be independent of ZFC, while in the fourth case we only prove that the nonexistence of a monotone $G_{\delta }$ hull operation for all measurable sets is consistent. It remains open whether existence here is also consistent....

AMS Subj. Classification: 03C05, 08B20Free algebras are very important in studying classes of algebras, especially varieties of algebras. Any algebra that belongs to a given variety of algebras can be characterized as a homomorphic image of a free algebra of that variety. Describing free algebras is an important task that can be quite complicated, since there is no general method to resolve this problem. The aim of this work is to investigate classes of groupoids, i.e. algebras with one binary operation,...

We consider the internal rate of return (IRR) decision rule in capital budgeting problems with fuzzy cash flows. The possibility distribution of the IRR at any r ≥ 0, is defined to be the degree of possibility that the (fuzzy) net present value of the project with discount factor r equals to zero. Generalizing our earlier results on fuzzy capital budegeting problems [Car99] we show that the possibility distribution of the {IRR} is a highly nonlinear function which is getting more and more unbalanced...

The aim of this paper is to define and study cardinal (direct) and ordinal operations of addition, multiplication, and exponentiation for $n$-ary relational systems. $n$-ary ordered sets are defined as special $n$-ary relational systems by means of properties that seem to suitably generalize reflexivity, antisymmetry, and transitivity from the case of $n=2$ or 3. The class of $n$-ary ordered sets is then closed under the cardinal and ordinal operations.

We calculate the cardinal characteristics of the $\sigma$-ideal $\mathscr{H}𝒩\left(G\right)$ of Haar null subsets of a Polish non-locally compact group $G$ with invariant metric and show that $cov\left(\mathscr{H}𝒩\right(G\left)\right)\le 𝔟\le max\{𝔡,non(𝒩\left)\right\}\le non\left(\mathscr{H}𝒩\right(G\left)\right)\le cof\left(\mathscr{H}𝒩\right(G\left)\right)>min\{𝔡,non(𝒩\left)\right\}$. If $G={\prod }_{n\ge 0}{G}_n$ is the product of abelian locally compact groups $G_n$, then $add\left(\mathscr{H}𝒩\right(G\left)\right)=add\left(𝒩\right)$, $cov\left(\mathscr{H}𝒩\right(G\left)\right)=min\{𝔟,cov(𝒩\left)\right\}$, $non\left(\mathscr{H}𝒩\right(G\left)\right)=max\{𝔡,non(𝒩\left)\right\}$ and $cof\left(\mathscr{H}𝒩\right(G\left)\right)\ge cof\left(𝒩\right)$, where $𝒩$ is the ideal of Lebesgue null subsets on the real line. Martin Axiom implies that $cof\left(\mathscr{H}𝒩\left(G\right)\right)>2^{{\aleph }_0}$ and hence $G$ contains a Haar null subset that cannot be enlarged to a Borel or projective Haar null subset of $G$. This gives a negative (consistent) answer to a question of...

We study cardinal coefficients related to combinatorial properties of partitions of $\omega$ with respect to the order of almost containedness.