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An important result on submajorization, which goes back to Hardy, Littlewood and Pólya, states that b ⪯ a if and only if there is a doubly stochastic matrix A such that b = Aa. We prove that under monotonicity assumptions on the vectors a and b the matrix A may be chosen monotone. This result is then applied to show that $(\widetilde{L^p},L^{\infty })$ is a Calderón couple for 1 ≤ p < ∞, where $\widetilde{L^p}$ is the Köthe dual of the Cesàro space $Ce{s}_{p^{\text{'}}}$ (or equivalently the down space $L_{\downarrow }^{p^{\text{'}}}$). In particular, $(\widetilde{L¹},L^{\infty })$ is a Calderón couple, which gives a...

For an Orlicz function φ and a decreasing weight w, two intrinsic exact descriptions are presented for the norm in the Köthe dual of the Orlicz-Lorentz function space ${\Lambda }_{\phi ,w}$ or the sequence space ${\lambda }_{\phi ,w}$, equipped with either the Luxemburg or Amemiya norms. The first description is via the modular $inf\int \phi ⁎(f*/|g\left|\right)\left|g\right|:g\prec w$, where f* is the decreasing rearrangement of f, ≺ denotes submajorization, and φ⁎ is the complementary function to φ. The second description is in terms of the modular ${\int }_I\phi ⁎((f*)⁰/w)w$,where (f*)⁰ is Halperin’s level function...

A comparison of the level functions considered by Halperin and Sinnamon is discussed. Moreover, connections between Lorentz-type spaces, down spaces, Cesàro spaces, and Sawyer's duality formula are explained. Applying Sinnamon's ideas, we prove the duality theorem for Orlicz−Lorentz spaces which generalizes a recent result by Kamińska, Leśnik, and Raynaud (and Nakamura). Finally, some applications of the level functions to the geometry of Orlicz−Lorentz spaces are presented.