For an ordered set $W=\{w_1,w_2,\cdots ,w_k\}$ of vertices in a connected graph $G$ and a vertex $v$ of $G$, the code of $v$ with respect to $W$ is the $k$-vector $$c_W\left(v\right)=(d(v,w_1),d(v,w_2),\cdots ,d(v,w_k)).$$ The set $W$ is an independent resolving set for $G$ if (1) $W$ is independent in $G$ and (2) distinct vertices have distinct codes with respect to $W$. The cardinality of a minimum independent resolving set in $G$ is the independent resolving number $\mathrm{i}r\left(G\right)$. We study the existence of independent resolving sets in graphs, characterize all nontrivial connected graphs $G$ of order...

For a nontrivial connected graph $G$ of order $n$, the detour distance $D(u,v)$ between two vertices $u$ and $v$ in $G$ is the length of a longest $u-v$ path in $G$. Detour distance is a metric on the vertex set of $G$. For each integer $k$ with $1\le k\le n-1$, a coloring $c:V\left(G\right)\to \mathbb{N}$ is a $k$-metric coloring of $G$ if $\left|c\right(u)-c(v\left)\right|+D(u,v)\ge k+1$ for every two distinct vertices $u$ and $v$ of $G$. The value ${\chi }_m^k\left(c\right)$ of a $k$-metric coloring $c$ is the maximum color assigned by $c$ to a vertex of $G$ and the $k$-metric chromatic number ${\chi }_m^k\left(G\right)$ of $G$ is the minimum value of a $k$-metric coloring...

For an ordered set $W=\{w_1,w_2,\cdots ,w_k\}$ of vertices and a vertex $v$ in a connected graph $G$, the (metric) representation of $v$ with respect to $W$ is the $k$-vector $r\left(v\right|W)=(d(v,w_1),d(v,w_2),\cdots ,d(v,w_k))$, where $d(x,y)$ represents the distance between the vertices $x$ and $y$. The set $W$ is a resolving set for $G$ if distinct vertices of $G$ have distinct representations with respect to $W$. A resolving set of minimum cardinality is called a minimum resolving set or a basis and the cardinality of a basis for $G$ is its dimension $dimG$. A set $S$ of vertices in $G$ is a dominating...