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P -hypergoupes

Thomas N. Vougiouklis, L. Konguetsof (1987)

Acta Universitatis Carolinae. Mathematica et Physica

Qualgebras and knotted 3-valent graphs

Victoria Lebed (2015)

Fundamenta Mathematicae

This paper is devoted to new algebraic structures, called qualgebras and squandles. Topologically, they emerge as an algebraic counterpart of knotted 3-valent graphs, just like quandles can be seen as an "algebraization" of knots. Algebraically, they are modeled after groups with conjugation and multiplication/squaring operations. We discuss basic properties of these structures, and introduce and study the notions of qualgebra/squandle 2-cocycles and 2-coboundaries. Knotted 3-valent graph invariants...

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