Let $\left\{X_n\right\}$ be a stationary and ergodic time series taking values from a finite or countably infinite set $𝒳$ and that $f\left(X\right)$ is a function of the process with finite second moment. Assume that the distribution of the process is otherwise unknown. We construct a sequence of stopping times ${\lambda }_n$ along which we will be able to estimate the conditional expectation $E\left(f\left(X_{{\lambda }_n+1}\right)\right|X_0,\cdots ,X_{{\lambda }_n})$ from the observations $(X_0,\cdots ,X_{{\lambda }_n})$ in a point wise consistent way for a restricted class of stationary and ergodic finite or countably infinite alphabet...

Let $S$ and $R$ be two associative rings, let ${}_S{C}_R$ be a semidualizing $(S,R)$-bimodule. We introduce and investigate properties of the totally reflexive module with respect to ${}_S{C}_R$ and we give a characterization of the class of the totally $C_R$-reflexive modules over any ring $R$. Moreover, we show that the totally $C_R$-reflexive module with finite projective dimension is exactly the finitely generated projective right $R$-module. We then study the relations between the class of totally reflexive modules and...

We prove that the generalized Thue-Morse word ${𝐭}_{b,m}$ defined for $b\ge 2$ and $m\ge 1$ as ${𝐭}_{b,m}={\left(s_b\left(n\right)modm\right)}_{n=0}^{+\infty }$, where $s_b\left(n\right)$ denotes the sum of digits in the base-$b$ representation of the integer $n$, has its language closed under all elements of a group $D_m$ isomorphic to the dihedral group of order $2m$ consisting of morphisms and antimorphisms. Considering antimorphisms $\Theta \in D_m$, we show that ${𝐭}_{b,m}$ is saturated by $\Theta$-palindromes up to the highest possible level. Using the generalisation of palindromic richness recently introduced by the author...

Let $p^{\text{'}}$ and $q^{\text{'}}$ be points in ${ℝ}^n$. Write $p^{\text{'}}\sim q^{\text{'}}$ if $p^{\text{'}}-q^{\text{'}}$ is a multiple of $(1,...,1)$. Two different points $p$ and $q$ in ${ℝ}^n/\sim$ uniquely determine a tropical line $L(p,q)$ passing through them and stable under small perturbations. This line is a balanced unrooted semi-labeled tree on $n$ leaves. It is also a metric graph. If some representatives $p^{\text{'}}$ and $q^{\text{'}}$ of $p$ and $q$ are the first and second columns of some real normal idempotent order $n$ matrix $A$, we prove that the tree $L(p,q)$ is described by a matrix $F$, easily obtained from $A$. We also...

A partition of a positive integer n is a nonincreasing sequence of positive integers with sum $n.$ Here we define a special class of partitions. 1. Let $t\ge 1$ be a positive integer. Any partition of n whose Ferrers graph have no hook numbers divisible by t is known as a t- core partitionof $n.$ The hooks are important in the representation theory of finite symmetric groups and the theory of cranks associated with Ramanujan’s congruences for the ordinary partition function [3,$$4,$$6]. If $t\ge 1$ and $n\ge 0$,...

We offer the quantitative estimation of stability of risk-sensitive cost optimization in the problem of optimal stopping of Markov chain on a Borel space $X$. It is supposed that the transition probability $p(·|x)$, $x\in X$ is approximated by the transition probability $\tilde{p}(·|x)$, $x\in X$, and that the stopping rule ${\tilde{f}}_{*}$ , which is optimal for the process with the transition probability $\tilde{p}$ is applied to the process with the transition probability $p$. We give an upper bound (expressed in term of the total variation distance:...

Given two topologies, $T_1$ and $T_2$, on the same set X, the intersection topologywith respect to $T_1$ and $T_2$ is the topology with basis $U_1\cap U_2:U_1\in T_1,U_2\in T_2$. Equivalently, T is the join of $T_1$ and $T_2$ in the lattice of topologies on the set X. Following the work of Reed concerning intersection topologies with respect to the real line and the countable ordinals, Kunen made an extensive investigation of normality, perfectness and ${\omega }_1$-compactness in this class of topologies. We demonstrate that the majority of his results...

Let B(κ,λ) be the subalgebra of P(κ) generated by ${\left[\kappa \right]}^{\le \lambda }$. It is shown that if B is any homomorphic image of B(κ,λ) then either $\left|B\right|<2^{\lambda }$ or $\left|B\right|={\left|B\right|}^{\lambda }$; moreover, if X is the Stone space of B then either $\left|X\right|\le 2^{2^{\lambda }}$ or $\left|X\right|=\left|B\right|={\left|B\right|}^{\lambda }$. This implies the existence of 0-dimensional compact $T_2$ spaces whose cardinality and weight spectra omit lots of singular cardinals of “small” cofinality.

 Let $F_i=1,...,N$ be affine mappings of ${ℝ}^n$. It is well known that if there exists j ≤ 1 such that for every ${\sigma }_1,...,{\sigma }_j\in 1,...,N$ the composition (1) $F_{\sigma 1}\circ ...\circ F_{{\sigma }_j}$ is a contraction, then for any infinite sequence ${\sigma }_1,{\sigma }_2,...\in 1,...,N$ and any $z\in {ℝ}^n$, the sequence (2)$F_{\sigma 1}\circ ...\circ F_{{\sigma }_n}\left(z\right)$ is convergent and the limit is independent of z. We prove the following converse result: If (2) is convergent for any $z\in {ℝ}^n$ and any $\sigma ={\sigma }_1,{\sigma }_2,...$ belonging to some subshift Σ of N symbols (and the limit is independent of z), then there exists j ≥ 1 such that for every $\sigma ={\sigma }_1,{\sigma }_2,...\in \Sigma$ the composition (1) is a contraction....