Closed universal subspaces of spaces of infinitely differentiable functions

Stéphane Charpentier; Quentin Menet; Augustin Mouze

Displaying similar documents to “Closed universal subspaces of spaces of infinitely differentiable functions”

Tameness in Fréchet spaces of analytic functions

Aydın Aytuna (2016)

Studia Mathematica

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A Fréchet space with a sequence ${| | \cdot | |}_{k}_{k = 1}^{\infty}$ of generating seminorms is called tame if there exists an increasing function σ: ℕ → ℕ such that for every continuous linear operator T from into itself, there exist N₀ and C > 0 such that ${| | T (x) | | ₙ \leq C | | x | |}_{σ (n)}$ ∀x ∈ , n ≥ N₀. This property does not depend upon the choice of the fundamental system of seminorms for and is a property of the Fréchet space . In this paper we investigate tameness in the Fréchet spaces (M) of analytic functions on Stein manifolds M equipped...

A new proof of Fréchet differentiability of Lipschitz functions

Joram Lindenstrauss, David Preiss (2000)

Journal of the European Mathematical Society

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We give a relatively simple (self-contained) proof that every real-valued Lipschitz function on $ℓ_{2}$ (or more generally on an Asplund space) has points of Fréchet differentiability. Somewhat more generally, we show that a real-valued Lipschitz function on a separable Banach space has points of Fréchet differentiability provided that the $w^{*}$ closure of the set of its points of Gâteaux differentiability is norm separable.

Grothendieck-Lidskiĭ theorem for subspaces of quotients of $L_{p}$ -spaces

Oleg Reinov, Qaisar Latif (2014)

Banach Center Publications

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Generalizing A. Grothendieck’s (1955) and V. B. Lidskiĭ’s (1959) trace formulas, we have shown in a recent paper that for p ∈ [1,∞] and s ∈ (0,1] with 1/s = 1 + |1/2-1/p| and for every s-nuclear operator T in every subspace of any $L_{p} (ν)$ -space the trace of T is well defined and equals the sum of all eigenvalues of T. Now, we obtain the analogous results for subspaces of quotients (equivalently: for quotients of subspaces) of $L_{p}$ -spaces.

The tensor algebra of power series spaces

Dietmar Vogt (2009)

Studia Mathematica

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The linear isomorphism type of the tensor algebra T(E) of Fréchet spaces and, in particular, of power series spaces is studied. While for nuclear power series spaces of infinite type it is always s, the situation for finite type power series spaces is more complicated. The linear isomorphism T(s) ≅ s can be used to define a multiplication on s which makes it a Fréchet m-algebra $s_{•}$ . This may be used to give an algebra analogue to the structure theory of s, that is, characterize Fréchet...

On the range of the derivative of a real-valued function with bounded support

T. Gaspari (2002)

Studia Mathematica

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We study the set f’(X) = f’(x): x ∈ X when f:X → ℝ is a differentiable bump. We first prove that for any C²-smooth bump f: ℝ² → ℝ the range of the derivative of f must be the closure of its interior. Next we show that if X is an infinite-dimensional separable Banach space with a $C^{p}$ -smooth bump b:X → ℝ such that $| | b^{(p)} {| |}_{\infty}$ is finite, then any connected open subset of X* containing 0 is the range of the derivative of a $C^{p}$ -smooth bump. We also study the finite-dimensional case which is quite different....

How to define "convex functions" on differentiable manifolds

Stefan Rolewicz (2009)

Discussiones Mathematicae, Differential Inclusions, Control and Optimization

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In the paper a class of families (M) of functions defined on differentiable manifolds M with the following properties: $1_{}$ . if M is a linear manifold, then (M) contains convex functions, $2_{}$ . (·) is invariant under diffeomorphisms, $3_{}$ . each f ∈ (M) is differentiable on a dense $G_{δ}$ -set, is investigated.

Structure of Rademacher subspaces in Cesàro type spaces

Sergey V. Astashkin, Lech Maligranda (2015)

Studia Mathematica

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The structure of the closed linear span of the Rademacher functions in the Cesàro space $C e s_{\infty}$ is investigated. It is shown that every infinite-dimensional subspace of either is isomorphic to l₂ and uncomplemented in $C e s_{\infty}$ , or contains a subspace isomorphic to c₀ and complemented in . The situation is rather different in the p-convexification of $C e s_{\infty}$ if 1 < p < ∞.

The classical subspaces of the projective tensor products of $ℓ_{p}$ and C(α) spaces, α < ω₁

Elói Medina Galego, Christian Samuel (2013)

Studia Mathematica

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We completely determine the $ℓ_{q}$ and C(K) spaces which are isomorphic to a subspace of $ℓ_{p} \otimes ̂_{π} C (α)$ , the projective tensor product of the classical $ℓ_{p}$ space, 1 ≤ p < ∞, and the space C(α) of all scalar valued continuous functions defined on the interval of ordinal numbers [1,α], α < ω₁. In order to do this, we extend a result of A. Tong concerning diagonal block matrices representing operators from $ℓ_{p}$ to ℓ₁, 1 ≤ p < ∞. The first main theorem is an extension of a result of E. Oja and states...

Banach spaces of bounded Szlenk index

E. Odell, Th. Schlumprecht, A. Zsák (2007)

Studia Mathematica

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For a countable ordinal α we denote by $_{α}$ the class of separable, reflexive Banach spaces whose Szlenk index and the Szlenk index of their dual are bounded by α. We show that each $_{α}$ admits a separable, reflexive universal space. We also show that spaces in the class $_{ω^{α \cdot ω}}$ embed into spaces of the same class with a basis. As a consequence we deduce that each $_{α}$ is analytic in the Effros-Borel structure of subspaces of C[0,1].

Explicit extension maps in intersections of non-quasi-analytic classes

Jean Schmets, Manuel Valdivia (2005)

Annales Polonici Mathematici

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We deal with projective limits of classes of functions and prove that: (a) the Chebyshev polynomials constitute an absolute Schauder basis of the nuclear Fréchet spaces $_{()} ({[- 1, 1]}^{r})$ ; (b) there is no continuous linear extension map from $Λ_{()}^{(r)}$ into $_{()} (ℝ^{r})$ ; (c) under some additional assumption on , there is an explicit extension map from $_{()} ({[- 1, 1]}^{r})$ into $_{()} ({[- 2, 2]}^{r})$ by use of a modification of the Chebyshev polynomials. These results extend the corresponding ones obtained by Beaugendre in [1] and [2].

On some universal sums of generalized polygonal numbers

Fan Ge, Zhi-Wei Sun (2016)

Colloquium Mathematicae

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For m = 3,4,... those pₘ(x) = (m-2)x(x-1)/2 + x with x ∈ ℤ are called generalized m-gonal numbers. Sun (2015) studied for what values of positive integers a,b,c the sum ap₅ + bp₅ + cp₅ is universal over ℤ (i.e., any n ∈ ℕ = 0,1,2,... has the form ap₅(x) + bp₅(y) + cp₅(z) with x,y,z ∈ ℤ). We prove that p₅ + bp₅ + 3p₅ (b = 1,2,3,4,9) and p₅ + 2p₅ + 6p₅ are universal over ℤ, as conjectured by Sun. Sun also conjectured that any n ∈ ℕ can be written as $p ₃ (x) + p ₅ (y) + p_{11} (z)$ and 3p₃(x) + p₅(y) + p₇(z) with x,y,z...

Geometry of the Banach spaces C(βℕ × K,X) for compact metric spaces K

Dale E. Alspach, Elói Medina Galego (2011)

Studia Mathematica

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A classical result of Cembranos and Freniche states that the C(K,X) space contains a complemented copy of c₀ whenever K is an infinite compact Hausdorff space and X is an infinite-dimensional Banach space. This paper takes this result as a starting point and begins a study of conditions under which the spaces C(α), α < ω₁, are quotients of or complemented in C(K,X). In contrast to the c₀ result, we prove that if C(βℕ ×[1,ω],X) contains a complemented copy of $C (ω^{ω})$ then X contains a copy...

Generalized α-variation and Lebesgue equivalence to differentiable functions

Jakub Duda (2009)

Fundamenta Mathematicae

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We find conditions on a real function f:[a,b] → ℝ equivalent to being Lebesgue equivalent to an n-times differentiable function (n ≥ 2); a simple solution in the case n = 2 appeared in an earlier paper. For that purpose, we introduce the notions of $C B V G_{1 / n}$ and $S B V G_{1 / n}$ functions, which play analogous rôles for the nth order differentiability to the classical notion of a VBG⁎ function for the first order differentiability, and the classes $C B V_{1 / n}$ and $S B V_{1 / n}$ (introduced by Preiss and Laczkovich) for Cⁿ smoothness....

Completely 1-complemented subspaces of the Schatten spaces $S^{p}$

Jean Roydor (2007)

Banach Center Publications

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We describe the subspaces of $S^{p}$ (1 ≤ p ≠ 2 < ∞) which are the range of a completely contractive projection.

A Dichotomy Principle for Universal Series

V. Farmaki, V. Nestoridis (2008)

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Mathematics

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Applying results of the infinitary Ramsey theory, namely the dichotomy principle of Galvin-Prikry, we show that for every sequence ${(α_{j})}_{j = 1}^{\infty}$ of scalars, there exists a subsequence ${(α_{k_{j}})}_{j = 1}^{\infty}$ such that either every subsequence of ${(α_{k_{j}})}_{j = 1}^{\infty}$ defines a universal series, or no subsequence of ${(α_{k_{j}})}_{j = 1}^{\infty}$ defines a universal series. In particular examples we decide which of the two cases holds.

On Lindenstrauss-Pełczyński spaces

Jesús M. F. Castillo, Yolanda Moreno, Jesús Suárez (2006)

Studia Mathematica

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We consider some stability aspects of the classical problem of extension of C(K)-valued operators. We introduce the class ℒ of Banach spaces of Lindenstrauss-Pełczyński type as those such that every operator from a subspace of c₀ into them can be extended to c₀. We show that all ℒ-spaces are of type $ℒ_{\infty}$ but not conversely. Moreover, $ℒ_{\infty}$ -spaces will be characterized as those spaces E such that E-valued operators from w*(l₁,c₀)-closed subspaces of l₁ extend to l₁. Regarding examples we will...

Universal embeddings of $l^{1} (α)$ into the space of continuous functions on a product space

N. Kalamidas, Th. Zachariades (1989)

Colloquium Mathematicae

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Universal Jamison spaces and Jamison sequences for C₀-semigroups

Vincent Devinck (2013)

Studia Mathematica

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An increasing sequence ${(n_{k})}_{k \geq 0}$ of positive integers is said to be a Jamison sequence if for every separable complex Banach space X and every T ∈ ℬ(X) which is partially power-bounded with respect to ${(n_{k})}_{k \geq 0}$ , the set $σ_{p} (T) \cap$ is at most countable. We prove that for every separable infinite-dimensional complex Banach space X which admits an unconditional Schauder decomposition, and for any sequence ${(n_{k})}_{k \geq 0}$ which is not a Jamison sequence, there exists T ∈ ℬ(X) which is partially power-bounded with respect to ${(n_{k})}_{k \geq 0}$ ...

Nevanlinna algebras

A. Haldimann, H. Jarchow (2001)

Studia Mathematica

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The Nevanlinna algebras, $_{α}^{p}$ , of this paper are the $L^{p}$ variants of classical weighted area Nevanlinna classes of analytic functions on = z ∈ ℂ: |z| < 1. They are F-algebras, neither locally bounded nor locally convex, with a rich duality structure. For s = (α+2)/p, the algebra $F_{s}$ of analytic functions f: → ℂ such that ${(1 - | z |)}^{s} | f (z) | \to 0$ as |z| → 1 is the Fréchet envelope of $_{α}^{p}$ . The corresponding algebra $_{s}^{\infty}$ of analytic f: → ℂ such that $s u p_{z \in} {(1 - | z |)}^{s} | f (z) | < \infty$ is a complete metric space but fails to be a topological vector space....

Failure of the Factor Theorem for Borel pre-Hilbert spaces

Tadeusz Dobrowolski, Witold Marciszewski (2002)

Fundamenta Mathematicae

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In every infinite-dimensional Fréchet space X, we construct a linear subspace E such that E is an $F_{σ δ σ}$ -subset of X and contains a retract R so that $R \times E^{ω}$ is not homeomorphic to $E^{ω}$ . This shows that Toruńczyk’s Factor Theorem fails in the Borel case.

$L^{2}$ -Summand Vectors and Complemented Hilbertizable Subspaces

Antonio Aizpuru, Francisco J. García-Pacheco (2007)

Bollettino dell'Unione Matematica Italiana

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In this paper, we show a necessary and sufficient condition for a real Banach space to have an infinite dimensional subspace which is hilbertizable and complemented using techniques related to $L^{2}$ -summand vectors.

James boundaries and σ-fragmented selectors

B. Cascales, M. Muñoz, J. Orihuela (2008)

Studia Mathematica

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We study the boundary structure for w*-compact subsets of dual Banach spaces. To be more precise, for a Banach space X, 0 < ϵ < 1 and a subset T of the dual space X* such that ⋃ B(t,ϵ): t ∈ T contains a James boundary for $B_{X *}$ we study different kinds of conditions on T, besides T being countable, which ensure that $X * = {\bar{s p a n T}}^{| | \cdot | |}$ . (SP) We analyze two different non-separable cases where the equality (SP) holds: (a) if $J : X \to 2^{B_{X *}}$ is the duality mapping and there exists a σ-fragmented map f: X → X* such that...

On monotonic functions from the unit interval into a Banach space with uncountable sets of points of discontinuity

Artur Michalak (2003)

Studia Mathematica

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We say that a function f from [0,1] to a Banach space X is increasing with respect to E ⊂ X* if x* ∘ f is increasing for every x* ∈ E. We show that if f: [0,1] → X is an increasing function with respect to a norming subset E of X* with uncountably many points of discontinuity and Q is a countable dense subset of [0,1], then (1) $\bar{l i n f ([0, 1])}$ contains an order isomorphic copy of D(0,1), (2) $\bar{l i n f (Q)}$ contains an isomorphic copy of C([0,1]), (3) $\bar{l i n f ([0, 1])} / \bar{l i n f (Q)}$ contains an isomorphic copy of c₀(Γ) for some uncountable...

Compact operators and integral equations in the $ℋ𝒦$ space

Varayu Boonpogkrong (2022)

Czechoslovak Mathematical Journal

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The space $ℋ𝒦$ of Henstock-Kurzweil integrable functions on $[a, b]$ is the uncountable union of Fréchet spaces $ℋ𝒦 (X)$ . In this paper, on each Fréchet space $ℋ𝒦 (X)$ , an $F$ -norm is defined for a continuous linear operator. Hence, many important results in functional analysis, like the Banach-Steinhaus theorem, the open mapping theorem and the closed graph theorem, hold for the $ℋ𝒦 (X)$ space. It is known that every control-convergent sequence in the $ℋ𝒦$ space always belongs to a $ℋ𝒦 (X)$ space for some $X$ . We illustrate how...

On the derived tensor product functors for (DF)- and Fréchet spaces

Oğuz Varol (2007)

Studia Mathematica

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For a (DF)-space E and a tensor norm α we investigate the derivatives $T o r_{α}^{l} (E, \cdot)$ of the tensor product functor $E \otimes ̃_{α} \cdot : \to$ from the category of Fréchet spaces to the category of linear spaces. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the vanishing of $T o r ¹_{α} (E, F)$ , which is strongly related to the exactness of tensored sequences, are presented and characterizations in the nuclear and (co-)echelon cases are given.

A Natural Class of Sequential Banach Spaces

Jarno Talponen (2011)

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Mathematics

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We introduce and study a natural class of variable exponent $ℓ^{p}$ spaces, which generalizes the classical spaces $ℓ^{p}$ and c₀. These spaces will typically not be rearrangement-invariant but instead they enjoy a good local control of some geometric properties. Some geometric examples are constructed by using these spaces.

Canonical Banach function spaces generated by Urysohn universal spaces. Measures as Lipschitz maps

Piotr Niemiec (2009)

Studia Mathematica

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It is proved (independently of the result of Holmes [Fund. Math. 140 (1992)]) that the dual space of the uniform closure $C F L (_{r})$ of the linear span of the maps x ↦ d(x,a) - d(x,b), where d is the metric of the Urysohn space $_{r}$ of diameter r, is (isometrically if r = +∞) isomorphic to the space $L I P (_{r})$ of equivalence classes of all real-valued Lipschitz maps on $_{r}$ . The space of all signed (real-valued) Borel measures on $_{r}$ is isometrically embedded in the dual space of $C F L (_{r})$ and it is shown that the image...

Differentiation of n-convex functions

H. Fejzić, R. E. Svetic, C. E. Weil (2010)

Fundamenta Mathematicae

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The main result of this paper is that if f is n-convex on a measurable subset E of ℝ, then f is n-2 times differentiable, n-2 times Peano differentiable and the corresponding derivatives are equal, and $f^{(n - 1)} = f_{(n - 1)}$ except on a countable set. Moreover $f_{(n - 1)}$ is approximately differentiable with approximate derivative equal to the nth approximate Peano derivative of f almost everywhere.

Separating by $G_{δ}$ -sets in finite powers of ω₁

Yasushi Hirata, Nobuyuki Kemoto (2003)

Fundamenta Mathematicae

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It is known that all subspaces of ω₁² have the property that every pair of disjoint closed sets can be separated by disjoint $G_{δ}$ -sets (see [4]). It has been conjectured that all subspaces of ω₁ⁿ also have this property for each n < ω. We exhibit a subspace of ⟨α,β,γ⟩ ∈ ω₁³: α ≤ β ≤ γ which does not have this property, thus disproving the conjecture. On the other hand, we prove that all subspaces of ⟨α,β,γ⟩ ∈ ω₁³: α < β < γ have this property.

Universal forms $\sum a_{i} {(x_{i})}^{n}$ and Waring’s problem

L. Dickson (1936)

Acta Arithmetica

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The ideal of p-compact operators: a tensor product approach

Daniel Galicer, Silvia Lassalle, Pablo Turco (2012)

Studia Mathematica

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We study the space of p-compact operators, $_{p}$ , using the theory of tensor norms and operator ideals. We prove that $_{p}$ is associated to $/ d_{p}$ , the left injective associate of the Chevet-Saphar tensor norm $d_{p}$ (which is equal to $g_{p^{'}}^{'}$ ). This allows us to relate the theory of p-summing operators to that of p-compact operators. Using the results known for the former class and appropriate hypotheses on E and F we prove that $_{p} (E; F)$ is equal to $_{q} (E; F)$ for a wide range of values of p and q, and show that our results...

Every separable Banach space has a basis with uniformly controlled permutations

Paolo Terenzi

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There exists a universal control sequence ${p ̅ (m)}_{m = 1}^{\infty}$ of increasing positive integers such that: Every infinite-dimensional separable Banach space X has a biorthogonal system xₙ,xₙ* with ||xₙ|| = 1 and ||xₙ*|| < K for each n such that, for each x ∈ X, $x = \sum_{n = 1}^{\infty} x_{π (n)} * (x) x_{π (n)}$ where π(n) is a permutation of n which depends on x but is uniformly controlled by ${p ̅ (m)}_{m = 1}^{\infty}$ , that is, $n_{n = 1}^{m} \subseteq π {(n)}_{n = 1}^{p ̅ (m)} \subseteq n_{n = 1}^{p ̅ (m + 1)}$ for each m.

The Embeddability of c₀ in Spaces of Operators

Ioana Ghenciu, Paul Lewis (2008)

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Mathematics

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Results of Emmanuele and Drewnowski are used to study the containment of c₀ in the space $K_{w *} (X *, Y)$ , as well as the complementation of the space $K_{w *} (X *, Y)$ of w*-w compact operators in the space $L_{w *} (X *, Y)$ of w*-w operators from X* to Y.

Equicontinuity and Convergent Sequences in the Spaces $_{C}^{'}$ and $_{M}$

Jan Kisyński (2011)

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Mathematics

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Characterizations of equicontinuity and convergent sequences are given for the space $_{C}^{'} (ℝ ⁿ)$ of rapidly decreasing distributions and the space $_{M} (ℝ ⁿ)$ of slowly increasing infinitely differentiable functions.

The Daugavet property and translation-invariant subspaces

Simon Lücking (2014)

Studia Mathematica

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Let G be an infinite, compact abelian group and let Λ be a subset of its dual group Γ. We study the question which spaces of the form $C_{Λ} (G)$ or $L ¹_{Λ} (G)$ and which quotients of the form $C (G) / C_{Λ} (G)$ or $L ¹ (G) / L ¹_{Λ} (G)$ have the Daugavet property. We show that $C_{Λ} (G)$ is a rich subspace of C(G) if and only if $Γ ∖ Λ^{- 1}$ is a semi-Riesz set. If $L ¹_{Λ} (G)$ is a rich subspace of L¹(G), then $C_{Λ} (G)$ is a rich subspace of C(G) as well. Concerning quotients, we prove that $C (G) / C_{Λ} (G)$ has the Daugavet property if Λ is a Rosenthal set, and that $L ¹_{Λ} (G)$ is a poor subspace of L¹(G)...

On the mutually non isomorphic $l_{p} (l_{q})$

Pilar Cembranos, Jose Mendoza (2016)

Discussiones Mathematicae, Differential Inclusions, Control and Optimization

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In this note we survey the partial results needed to show the following general theorem: $l_{p} (l_{q}) : 1 \leq p, q \leq + \infty$ is a family of mutually non isomorphic Banach spaces. We also comment some related facts and open problems.

On universality of countable and weak products of sigma hereditarily disconnected spaces

Taras Banakh, Robert Cauty (2001)

Fundamenta Mathematicae

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Suppose a metrizable separable space Y is sigma hereditarily disconnected, i.e., it is a countable union of hereditarily disconnected subspaces. We prove that the countable power $X^{ω}$ of any subspace X ⊂ Y is not universal for the class ₂ of absolute $G_{δ σ}$ -sets; moreover, if Y is an absolute $F_{σ δ}$ -set, then $X^{ω}$ contains no closed topological copy of the Nagata space = W(I,ℙ); if Y is an absolute $G_{δ}$ -set, then $X^{ω}$ contains no closed copy of the Smirnov space σ = W(I,0). On the other hand, the countable...

The Ascoli property for function spaces and the weak topology of Banach and Fréchet spaces

S. Gabriyelyan, J. Kąkol, G. Plebanek (2016)

Studia Mathematica

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Following Banakh and Gabriyelyan (2016) we say that a Tychonoff space X is an Ascoli space if every compact subset of $C_{k} (X)$ is evenly continuous; this notion is closely related to the classical Ascoli theorem. Every $k_{ℝ}$ -space, hence any k-space, is Ascoli. Let X be a metrizable space. We prove that the space $C_{k} (X)$ is Ascoli iff $C_{k} (X)$ is a $k_{ℝ}$ -space iff X is locally compact. Moreover, $C_{k} (X)$ endowed with the weak topology is Ascoli iff X is countable and discrete. Using some basic concepts from probability...

An extension of Mazur's theorem on Gateaux differentiability to the class of strongly α (·)-paraconvex functions

S. Rolewicz (2006)

Studia Mathematica

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Let (X,||·||) be a separable real Banach space. Let f be a real-valued strongly α(·)-paraconvex function defined on an open convex subset Ω ⊂ X, i.e. such that $f (t x + (1 - t) y) \leq t f (x) + (1 - t) f (y) + m i n [t, (1 - t)] α (| | x - y | |)$ . Then there is a dense $G_{δ}$ -set $A_{G} \subset Ω$ such that f is Gateaux differentiable at every point of $A_{G}$ .

On strong $(N, p, α)$ sumability of infinite series III.

R. Sinha (1973)

Matematički Vesnik

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2-summing multiplication operators

Dumitru Popa (2013)

Studia Mathematica

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Let 1 ≤ p < ∞, $= {(X ₙ)}_{n \in ℕ}$ be a sequence of Banach spaces and $l_{p} ()$ the coresponding vector valued sequence space. Let $= {(X ₙ)}_{n \in ℕ}$ , $= {(Y ₙ)}_{n \in ℕ}$ be two sequences of Banach spaces, $= {(V ₙ)}_{n \in ℕ}$ , Vₙ: Xₙ → Yₙ, a sequence of bounded linear operators and 1 ≤ p,q < ∞. We define the multiplication operator $M_{} : l_{p} () \to l_{q} ()$ by $M_{} ({(x ₙ)}_{n \in ℕ}) : = {(V ₙ (x ₙ))}_{n \in ℕ}$ . We give necessary and sufficient conditions for $M_{}$ to be 2-summing when (p,q) is one of the couples (1,2), (2,1), (2,2), (1,1), (p,1), (p,2), (2,p), (1,p), (p,q); in the last case 1 < p < 2, 1 < q < ∞. ...