Relaxation oscillations in systems with different time scales
The aim of the article is to give a conceptual understanding of Kontsevich’s construction of the universal element of the cohomology of the coarse moduli space of smooth algebraic curves with given genus and punctures. In a first step the author presents a toy model of tree graphs coloured by an operad for which the graph complex and the universal cycle will be constructed. The universal cycle has coefficients in the operad for -algebras with trivial differential over the (dual) cobar construction...
The internal rate of return (IRR) together with the present value (PV) is used as a popular measure for financial project. When used appropriately, it can be a valuable aid in project acceptance or selection. The purpose of this article is to survey the facts about this criterion published so far. More, we investigate the cases of multiple or nonexistent IRRs and try to choose the relevant one and explain its economic meaning.