-blocks of solvable groups.
A subgroup H of a group G is said to permute with a subgroup K of G if HK is a subgroup of G. H is said to be permutable (resp. S-permutable) if it permutes with all the subgroups (resp. Sylow subgroups) of G. Finite groups in which permutability (resp. S-permutability) is a transitive relation are called PT-groups (resp. PST-groups). PT-, PST- and T-groups, or groups in which normality is transitive, have been extensively studied and characterised. Kaplan [Kaplan G., On T-groups, supersolvable...
A class ℱ of universal algebras is called a formation if the following conditions are satisfied: 1) Any homomorphic image of A ∈ ℱ is in ℱ; 2) If α₁, α₂ are congruences on A and , i = 1,2, then A/(α₁∩α₂) ∈ ℱ. We prove that any formation generated by a simple algebra with permutable congruences is minimal, and hence any formation containing a simple algebra, with permutable congruences, contains a minimum subformation. This result gives a partial answer to an open problem of Shemetkov and Skiba...