This paper deals with the existence of positive $\omega$-periodic solutions for the neutral functional differential equation with multiple delays $${(u\left(t\right)-cu(t-\delta ))}^{\text{'}}+a\left(t\right)u\left(t\right)=f(t,u(t-{\tau }_1),\cdots ,u(t-{\tau }_n)).$$ The essential inequality conditions on the existence of positive periodic solutions are obtained. These inequality conditions concern with the relations of $c$ and the coefficient function $a\left(t\right)$, and the nonlinearity $f(t,x_1,\cdots ,x_n)$. Our discussion is based on the perturbation method of positive operator and fixed point index theory in cones.

Let $a₁,...,a_k$ be arbitrary nonzero real numbers. An $(a₁,...,a_k)$-decomposition of a function f:ℝ → ℝ is a sum $f₁+\cdots +f_k=f$ where $f_i:ℝ\to ℝ$ is an $a_i$-periodic function. Such a decomposition is not unique because there are several solutions of the equation $h₁+\cdots +h_k=0$ with $h_i:ℝ\to ℝa_i$-periodic. We will give solutions of this equation with a certain simple structure (trivial solutions) and study whether there exist other solutions or not. If not, we say that the $(a₁,...,a_k)$-decomposition is essentially unique. We characterize those periods for which essential...

The paper deals with the existence and uniqueness of 2π-periodic solutions for the odd-order ordinary differential equation $u^{(2n+1)}=f(t,u,u^{\text{'}},...,u^{\left(2n\right)})$, where $f:ℝ\times {ℝ}^{2n+1}\to ℝ$ is continuous and 2π-periodic with respect to t. Some new conditions on the nonlinearity $f(t,x₀,x₁,...,x_{2n})$ to guarantee the existence and uniqueness are presented. These conditions extend and improve the ones presented by Cong [Appl. Math. Lett. 17 (2004), 727-732].

By using the well-known Leggett–Williams multiple fixed point theorem for cones, some new criteria are established for the existence of three positive periodic solutions for a class of n-dimensional functional differential equations with impulses of the form ⎧y’(t) = A(t)y(t) + g(t,yt), $t\ne t_j$, j ∈ ℤ, ⎨ ⎩$y\left(t{⁺}_j\right)=y\left(t{¯}_j\right)+I_j\left(y\left(t_j\right)\right)$, where $A\left(t\right)={\left(a_{ij}\left(t\right)\right)}_{n\times n}$ is a nonsingular matrix with continuous real-valued entries.

Consider the following higher order difference equation $$x(n+1)=f(n,x(n\left)\right)+g(n,x(n-k\left)\right),n=0,1,\cdots$$ where $f(n,x)$ and $g(n,x):\{0,1,\cdots \}\times [0,\infty )\to [0,\infty )$ are continuous functions in $x$ and periodic functions in $n$ with period $p$, and $k$ is a nonnegative integer. We show the existence of a periodic solution $\left\{\tilde{x}\left(n\right)\right\}$ under certain conditions, and then establish a sufficient condition for $\left\{\tilde{x}\left(n\right)\right\}$ to be a global attractor of all nonnegative solutions of the equation. Applications to Riccati difference equation and some other difference equations derived from mathematical biology are also...

We prove an Ambrosetti–Prodi type result for the periodic solutions of the equation $\left(\right|u^{\text{'}}{|}^{p-2}{u}^{\text{'}}{\left)\right)}^{\text{'}}+f\left(u\right)u^{\text{'}}+g(x,u)=t$, when $f$ is arbitrary and $g(x,u)\to +\infty$ or $g(x,u)\to -\infty$ when $\left|u\right|\to \infty$. The proof uses upper and lower solutions and the Leray–Schauder degree.

In this paper, we propose an extension of a periodic $GARCH$ ($PGARCH$) model to a Markov-switching periodic $GARCH$ ($MS$-$PGA$ $RCH$), and provide some probabilistic properties of this class of models. In particular, we address the question of strictly periodically and of weakly periodically stationary solutions. We establish necessary and sufficient conditions ensuring the existence of higher order moments. We further provide closed-form expressions for calculating the even-order moments as well...

We identify the torus with the unit interval [0,1) and let n,ν ∈ ℕ with 0 ≤ ν ≤ n-1 and N:= n+ν. Then we define the (partially equally spaced) knots $t_j$ = ⎧ j/(2n) for j = 0,…,2ν, ⎨ ⎩ (j-ν)/n for for j = 2ν+1,…,N-1. Furthermore, given n,ν we let $V_{n,\nu }$ be the space of piecewise linear continuous functions on the torus with knots $t_j:0\le j\le N-1$. Finally, let $P_{n,\nu }$ be the orthogonal projection operator from L²([0,1)) onto $V_{n,\nu }$. The main result is $li{m}_{n\to \infty ,\nu =1}\left|\right|P_{n,\nu }:L^{\infty }\to L^{\infty }\left|\right|=su{p}_{n\in \mathbb{N},0\le \nu \le n}\left|\right|P_{n,\nu }:L^{\infty }\to L^{\infty }\left|\right|=2+(33-18\surd 3)/13$. This shows in particular that the Lebesgue constant of the classical...

A class of nonlinear simple form differential delay equations with a $T$-periodic coefficient and a constant delay $\tau >0$ is considered. It is shown that for an arbitrary value of the period $T>4\tau -d_0$, for some $d_0>0$, there is an equation in the class such that it possesses an asymptotically stable $T$-period solution. The periodic solutions are constructed explicitly for the piecewise constant nonlinearities and the periodic coefficients involved, by reduction of the problem to one-dimensional maps. The...

The seminal theorem of Cobham has given rise during the last 40 years to a lot of work about non-standard numeration systems and has been extended to many contexts. In this paper, as a result of fifteen years of improvements, we obtain a complete and general version for the so-called substitutive sequences. Let $\alpha$ and $\beta$ be two multiplicatively independent Perron numbers. Then a sequence $x\in A^{\mathbb{N}}$, where $A$ is a finite alphabet, is both $\alpha$-substitutive and $\beta$-substitutive if and only if $x$ is ultimately...

We investigate the existence of infinitely many periodic solutions for the $p\left(t\right)$-Laplacian Hamiltonian systems. By virtue of several auxiliary functions, we obtain a series of new super-$p^{+}$ growth and asymptotic-$p^{+}$ growth conditions. Using the minimax methods in critical point theory, some multiplicity theorems are established, which unify and generalize some known results in the literature. Meanwhile, we also present an example to illustrate our main results are new even in the case $p\left(t\right)\equiv p=2$. ...

In this paper, we introduce an explicit formula and discuss the global behavior of solutions of the difference equation $$x_{n+1}=\frac{a{x}_{n-3}}{b+c{x}_{n-1}{x}_{n-3}},n=0,1,\cdots$$ where $a,b,c$ are positive real numbers and the initial conditions $x_{-3}$, $x_{-2}$, $x_{-1}$, $x_0$ are real numbers.

In this article, we obtain sufficient conditions so that every solution of neutral delay differential equation $${(y\left(t\right)-\sum _{i=1}^k{p}_i\left(t\right)y\left(r_i\left(t\right)\right))}^{\left(n\right)}+v\left(t\right)G\left(y\left(g\left(t\right)\right)\right)-u\left(t\right)H\left(y\left(h\left(t\right)\right)\right)=f\left(t\right)$$ oscillates or tends to zero as $t\to \infty$, where, $n\ge 1$ is any positive integer, $p_i$, $r_i\in C^{\left(n\right)}([0,\infty ),ℝ)$  and $p_i$ are bounded for each $i=1,2,\cdots ,k$. Further, $f\in C\left(\right[0,\infty ),ℝ)$, $g$, $h$, $v$, $u\in C\left(\right[0,\infty ),[0,\infty \left)\right)$, $G$ and $H\in C(ℝ,ℝ)$. The functional delays $r_i\left(t\right)\le t$, $g\left(t\right)\le t$ and $h\left(t\right)\le t$ and all of them approach $\infty$ as $t\to \infty$. The results hold when $u\equiv 0$ and $f\left(t\right)\equiv 0$. This article extends, generalizes and improves some recent results, and further answers some unanswered questions from the literature. ...