If $f(x)$ is a polynomial with coefficients in the field of complex numbers, of positive degree $n$, then $f(x)$ has at least one root a with the following property: if $\mu \le k\le n$, where $\mu$ is the multiplicity of $\alpha$, then $f^{(k)}(\alpha )\ne 0$ (such a root is said to be a "free" root of $f(x)$). This is a consequence of the so-called Gauss-Lucas'lemma. One could conjecture that this property remains true for polynomials (of degree $n$) with coefficients in a field of positive characteristic $p>n$ (Sudbery's Conjecture). In this paper it...

For n ∈ ℕ, L > 0, and p ≥ 1 let ${\kappa }_p(n,L)$ be the largest possible value of k for which there is a polynomial P ≠ 0 of the form $P\left(x\right)={\sum }_{j=0}^n{a}_j{x}^j$, $|a_0\left|\ge L\right({\sum }_{j=1}^n|a_j{|}^p$1/p$,$aj ∈ ℂ$,$such that ${(x-1)}^k$ divides P(x). For n ∈ ℕ and L > 0 let ${\kappa }_{\infty }(n,L)$ be the largest possible value of k for which there is a polynomial P ≠ 0 of the form $P\left(x\right)={\sum }_{j=0}^n{a}_j{x}^j$, $|a_0|\ge Lma{x}_{1\le j\le n}|a_j|$, $a_j\in ℂ$, such that ${(x-1)}^k$ divides P(x). We prove that there are absolute constants c₁ > 0 and c₂ > 0 such that $c_1\surd (n/L)-1\le {\kappa }_{\infty }(n,L)\le c_2\surd (n/L)$ for every L ≥ 1. This complements an earlier result of the authors valid for every n ∈ ℕ and L ∈...

For n ∈ ℕ, L > 0, and p ≥ 1 let ${\kappa }_p(n,L)$ be the largest possible value of k for which there is a polynomial P ≢ 0 of the form $P\left(x\right)={\sum }_{j=0}^n{a}_j{x}^j$, $|a_0\left|\ge L\right({\sum }_{j=1}^n|a_j{{|}^p)}^{1/p}$, $a_j\in ℂ$, such that ${(x-1)}^k$ divides P(x). For n ∈ ℕ, L > 0, and q ≥ 1 let ${\mu }_q(n,L)$ be the smallest value of k for which there is a polynomial Q of degree k with complex coefficients such that $\left|Q\left(0\right)\right|>1/L({\sum }_{j=1}^n{\left|Q\left(j\right)\right|}^q{)}^{1/q}$. We find the size of ${\kappa }_p(n,L)$ and ${\mu }_q(n,L)$ for all n ∈ ℕ, L > 0, and 1 ≤ p,q ≤ ∞. The result about ${\mu }_{\infty }(n,L)$ is due to Coppersmith and Rivlin, but our proof is completely different and much shorter even...

Let D and ∂D denote the open unit disk and the unit circle of the complex plane, respectively. We denote by ₙ (resp. ${ₙ}^c$) the set of all polynomials of degree at most n with real (resp. complex) coefficients. We define the truncation operators Sₙ for polynomials $Pₙ\in {ₙ}^c$ of the form $Pₙ\left(z\right):={\sum }_{j=0}^n{a}_j{z}_j$, $a_j\in C$, by $Sₙ\left(Pₙ\right)\left(z\right):={\sum }_{j=0}^{n}a{̃}_j{z}_j$, $a{̃}_j:=a_j\left|a_j\right|min|a_j|,1$ (here 0/0 is interpreted as 1). We define the norms of the truncation operators by $\parallel Sₙ{\parallel }_{\infty ,\partial D}^{real}:=su{p}_{Pₙ\in ₙ}(ma{x}_{z\in \partial D}\left|Sₙ\left(Pₙ\right)\left(z\right)\right|)/(ma{x}_{z\in \partial D}\left|Pₙ\left(z\right)\right|)$, $\parallel Sₙ{\parallel }_{\infty ,\partial D}^{comp}:=su{p}_{Pₙ\in {ₙ}^c}(ma{x}_{z\in \partial D}\left|Sₙ\left(Pₙ\right)\left(z\right)\right|)/(ma{x}_{z\in \partial D}\left|Pₙ\left(z\right)\right|$. Our main theorem establishes the right order of magnitude of the above norms: there is an absolute constant c₁...

We prove that for every ε > 0 and every nonnegative integer w there exist primes $p_1,...,p_w$ such that for $n=p_1...p_w$ the height of the cyclotomic polynomial ${\Phi }_n$ is at least $(1-\epsilon )c_w{M}_n$, where $M_n={\prod }_{i=1}^{w-2}{p}_i^{2^{w-1-i}-1}$ and $c_w$ is a constant depending only on w; furthermore $li{m}_{w\to \infty }{c}_w^{2^{-w}}\approx 0.71$. In our construction we can have $p_i>h(p_1...p_{i-1})$ for all i = 1,...,w and any function h: ℝ₊ → ℝ₊.

Let $f\left(x\right)$ be a cubic, monic and separable polynomial over a field of characteristic $p\ge 3$ and let $E$ be the elliptic curve given by $y^2=f\left(x\right)$. In this paper we prove that the coefficient at $x^{\frac{1}{2}p(p-1)}$ in the $p$–th division polynomial of $E$ equals the coefficient at $x^{p-1}$ in $f{\left(x\right)}^{\frac{1}{2}(p-1)}$. For elliptic curves over a finite field of characteristic $p$, the first coefficient is zero if and only if $E$ is supersingular, which by a classical criterion of Deuring (1941) is also equivalent to the vanishing of the second coefficient. So the...

Siano $d$, $g$, $t$ interi con $0\le t\le g$; se esiste in ${\mathbb{P}}_3(ℂ)$ una curva connessa, non singolare di grado $d$ e genere $g$, allora esiste in ${\mathbb{P}}_3(ℂ)$ una curva irriducibile di grado $d$, genere aritmetico $g$ e $t$ nodi.

Let $𝒱$ be a fixed algebraic variety defined by $m$ polynomials in $n$ variables with integer coefficients. We show that there exists a constant $C\left(𝒱\right)$ such that for almost all primes $p$ for all but at most $C\left(𝒱\right)$ points on the reduction of $𝒱$ modulo $p$ at least one of the components has a large multiplicative order. This generalises several previous results and is a step towards a conjecture of B. Poonen.

The paper deals with the approximation by polynomials with integer coefficients in $L_p(0,1)$, 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. Let $P_{n,r}$ be the space of polynomials of degree ≤ n which are divisible by the polynomial $x^r{(1-x)}^r$, r ≥ 0, and let $P_{n,r}^{\mathbb{Z}}\subset P_{n,r}$ be the set of polynomials with integer coefficients. Let $\mu (P_{n,r}^{\mathbb{Z}};L_p)$ be the maximal distance of elements of $P_{n,r}$ from $P_{n,r}^{\mathbb{Z}}$ in $L_p(0,1)$. We give rather precise quantitative estimates of $\mu (P_{n,r}^{\mathbb{Z}};L₂)$ for n ≳ 6r. Then we obtain similar, somewhat less precise, estimates of $\mu (P_{n,r}^{\mathbb{Z}};L_p)$ for p ≠ 2. It follows that $\mu (P_{n,r}^{\mathbb{Z}};L_p)\asymp n^{-2r-2/p}$ as n → ∞. The results...

Sia $K\subset \subset {ℝ}^n$ un compatto, $f\ge 0$ una funzione analitica all'intorno di $K$, ed $m$ la massima molteplicità in $K$ degli zeri di $f$; si prova che la potenza $f^{\lambda }$ ($\lambda \in ℂ$, $Re\lambda >\mathrm{—}\frac{1}{m}$) è integrabile in $K$. L'estensione meromorfa dell'applicazione $\lambda \to f^{\lambda }$ da $Re\lambda >0$ a tutto $ℂ$ (con valori in ${𝒟}^{\prime }(K)$ anziché in $L^1(K)$) era già stata provata in [1] e [2].

Inspired by a result from Leibov, we find that the supremum defining the $BLO$ norm in $[0,1]$ is actually attained by a specific sub-interval of $[0,1]$ for $f\in VLO([0,1])$

We show a $p$-parity result in a $D_{2p^n}$-extension of number fields $L/K$ ($p\ge 5$) for the twist $1\oplus \eta \oplus \tau$: $W(E/K,1\oplus \eta \oplus \tau )={(-1)}^{〈1\oplus \eta \oplus \tau ,X_p(E/L)〉}$, where $E$ is an elliptic curve over $K$, $\eta$ and $\tau$ are respectively the quadratic character and an irreductible representation of degree $2$ of $\mathrm{Gal}(L/K)=D_{2p^n}$, and $X_p(E/L)$ is the $p$-Selmer group. The main novelty is that we use a congruence result between ${\epsilon }_0$-factors (due to Deligne) for the determination of local root numbers in bad cases (places of additive reduction above 2 and 3). We also give applications to the $p$-parity conjecture...

Let $F\subset C^{\ast }(X)$ be a vector sublattice over $ℝ$ which separates points from closed sets of $X$. The compactification $e_{F}X$ obtained by embedding $X$ in a real cube via the diagonal map, is different, in general, from the Wallman compactification $\omega (Z(F))$. In this paper, it is shown that there exists a lattice $F_z$ containing $F$ such that $\omega (Z(F))=\omega (Z(F_z))=e_{F}X$. In particular this implies that $\omega (Z(F))\ge e_{F}X$. Conditions in order to be $\omega (Z(F))=e_{F}X$ are given. Finally we prove that, if $\alpha X$ is a compactification of $X$ such that $C{l}_{\alpha X}(\alpha X\setminus X)$ is $0$-dimensional, then there is an...

Let $𝔻$ denote the unit disk $\{z:|z|<1\}$ in the complex plane $ℂ$. In this paper, we study a family of polynomials $P$ with only one zero lying outside $\overline{𝔻}$.  We establish  criteria for $P$ to satisfy implying that each of $P$ and $P^{\text{'}}$  has exactly one critical point outside $\overline{𝔻}$.

In this paper, we examine a natural question concerning the divisors of the polynomial $x^n-1$: “How often does $x^n-1$ have a divisor of every degree between $1$ and $n$?” In a previous paper, we considered the situation when $x^n-1$ is factored in $\mathbb{Z}\left[x\right]$. In this paper, we replace $\mathbb{Z}\left[x\right]$ with ${𝔽}_p\left[x\right]$, where $p$ is an arbitrary-but-fixed prime. We also consider those $n$ where this condition holds for all $p$.

Let $G$ be a group and $m$ be an integer greater than or equal to $2$. $G$ is said to be $m$-permutable if every product of $m$ elements can be reordered at least in one way. We prove that, if $G$ has a centre of finite index $z$, then $G$ is $(1+[z/2])$-permutable. More bounds are given on the least $m$ such that $G$ is $m$-permutable.

Si considera l’equazione astratta $B{A}_{1}u+A_{0}u=h$, dove $A_i$ $(i=0,1)$ e $B$ sono convenienti operatori lineari chiusi fra spazi di Banach, $A_i$ non è necessariamente invertibile, e $A_0$, $A_1$ non commutano con $B$. Si studiano esistenza ed unicità delle soluzioni. Si indicano alcune applicazioni a certe equazioni differenziali degeneri o singolari.

Let $G$ be a simple algebraic group over an algebraically closed field $𝕜$ of characteristic 0, and $𝔤=LieG$. Let $(e,h,f)$ be an $𝔰{𝔩}_2$-triple in $𝔤$ with $e$ being a long root vector in $𝔤$. Let $(·,·)$ be the $G$-invariant bilinear form on $𝔤$ with $(e,f)=1$ and let $\chi \in {𝔤}^{*}$ be such that $\chi \left(x\right)=(e,x)$ for all $x\in 𝔤$. Let $𝒮$ be the Slodowy slice at $e$ through the adjoint orbit of $e$ and let $H$ be the enveloping algebra of $𝒮$; see [31]. In this article we give an explicit presentation of $H$ by generators and relations. As a consequence we deduce that $H$ contains...

Si considerano due spazi $S_{\mu }$ e $S_{\nu }^{\ast }$, Riemanniani e a metrica eventualmente indefinita, riferiti a sistemi di co-ordinate $\mathrm{\varnothing }$ e ${\mathrm{\varnothing }}_{\nu }^{\ast }$; e inoltre un doppio tensore $T_{\mathrm{\cdots }}^{\mathrm{\cdots }}$ associato ai punti ${\mathrm{\varnothing }}^{-1}(x)\in S_{\mu }$ e ${\mathrm{\varnothing }}^{\ast -1}(y)\in S^{\ast }$. Si pensa $T_{\mathrm{\cdots }}^{\mathrm{\cdots }}$ dato da una funzione ${\tilde{T}}_{\mathrm{\cdots }}^{\mathrm{\cdots }}$ di $m$ altri tali doppi tensori e di variabili puntuali $x(\in {\mathrm{\Re }}^{\mu })$, $t\in \mathrm{\Re }$ e $y(\in {\mathrm{\Re }}^{\nu })$; poi si considera la funzione composta $${\widehat{T}}_{\mathrm{\cdots }}^{\mathrm{\cdots }}(x,t,y)={\tilde{T}}_{\mathrm{\cdots }}^{\mathrm{\cdots }}[\underset{1,\mathrm{\dots },m}{\underbrace{{\breve{H}}_{\mathrm{\cdots }}^{\mathrm{\cdots }}(x,t,y),\mathrm{\dots },{\breve{H}}_{\mathrm{\cdots }}^{\mathrm{\cdots }}(x,t,y)}},x,t,y].$$ Nella Parte I si scrivono due regole per eseguire la derivazione totale di questa, connessa con una mappa $\widehat{ℰ}$ $(={\widehat{ℰ}}_t)$ fra $S_{\nu }^{\ast }$ e $S_{\mu }$; una è a termini generalmente non covarianti...

In this paper we prove the following theorems in incidence geometry. 1. There is $\delta >0$ such that for any $P_1,\cdots ,P_4$, and $Q_1,\cdots ,Q_n\in {ℂ}^2$, if there are $\le n^{(1+\delta )/2}$ many distinct lines between $P_i$ and $Q_j$ for all $i$, $j$, then $P_1,\cdots ,P_4$ are collinear. If the number of the distinct lines is $<c{n}^{1/2}$ then the cross ratio of the four points is algebraic. 2. Given $c>0$, there is $\delta >0$ such that for any $P_1,P_2,P_3\in {ℂ}^2$ noncollinear, and $Q_1,\cdots ,Q_n\in {ℂ}^2$, if there are $\le c{n}^{1/2}$ many distinct lines between $P_i$ and $Q_j$ for all $i$, $j$, then for any $P\in {ℂ}^2\setminus \{P_1,P_2,P_3\}$, we have $\delta n$ distinct lines between $P$ and $Q_j$. 3. Given...

Ogni logica $L$ genera canonicamente la $L$-equivalenza ${\equiv }_L$e la $L$-immersione $\underset{𝐿}{\to }$ proprio come la logica del primo ordine genera l’equivalenza elementare $\equiv$ e l’immersione elementare $\lesssim$. Astraendo da $L$, è interessante studiare in sè relazioni d’equivalenza e di immersione generali tra strutture. Mostriamo che esiste una corrispondenza biunivoca tra relazioni d’equivalenza con la proprietà di Robinson e relazioni d’immersione con la proprietà di Amalgamazione Forte ($A{P}^{+}$). Caratterizziamo algebricamente...