A model is presented in which the ${\Sigma }_2^1$ equivalence relation xCy iff L[x]=L[y] of equiconstructibility of reals does not admit a reasonable form of the Glimm-Effros theorem. The model is a kind of iterated Sacks generic extension of the constructible model, but with an “ill“founded “length” of the iteration. In another model of this type, we get an example of a ${\Pi }_2^1$ non-Glimm-Effros equivalence relation on reals. As a more elementary application of the technique of “ill“founded Sacks iterations, we obtain...

We present a theorem which generalizes some known theorems on the existence of nonmeasurable (in various senses) sets of the form X+Y. Some additional related questions concerning measure, category and the algebra of Borel sets are also studied.

For X ⊆ [0,1], let $D_X$ denote the collection of subsets of ℕ whose densities lie in X. Given the exact location of X in the Borel or difference hierarchy, we exhibit the exact location of $D_X$. For α ≥ 3, X is properly $D_{\xi }\left({\Pi }_{\alpha }^0\right)$ iff $D_X$ is properly $D_{\xi }\left({\Pi }_{1+\alpha }^0\right)$. We also show that for every nonempty set X ⊆[0,1], $D_X$ is ${\Pi }_3^0$-hard. For each nonempty ${\Pi }_2^0$ set X ⊆ [0,1], in particular for X = x, $D_X$ is ${\Pi }_3^0$-complete. For each n ≥ 2, the collection of real numbers that are normal or simply normal to base n is ${\Pi }_3^0$-complete. Moreover, $D_{\mathbb{Q}}$, the...

We show that the set of absolutely normal numbers is Π⁰₃-complete in the Borel hierarchy of subsets of real numbers. Similarly, the set of absolutely normal numbers is Π⁰₃-complete in the effective Borel hierarchy.