Set-polynomials and polynomial extension of the Hales-Jewett theorem.
We show that three problems involving linear difference equations with rational function coefficients are essentially equivalent. The first problem is the generalization of the classical Skolem–Mahler–Lech theorem to rational function coefficients. The second problem is whether or not for a given linear difference equation there exists a Picard–Vessiot extension inside the ring of sequences. The third problem is a certain special case of the dynamical Mordell–Lang conjecture. This allows us to deduce...
We show that if A and B are finite sets of real numbers, then the number of triples (a,b,c) ∈ A × B × (A ∪ B) with a + b = 2c is at most (0.15+o(1))(|A|+|B|)² as |A| + |B| → ∞. As a corollary, if A is antisymmetric (that is, A ∩ (-A) = ∅), then there are at most (0.3+o(1))|A|² triples (a,b,c) with a,b,c ∈ A and a - b = 2c. In the general case where A is not necessarily antisymmetric, we show that the number of triples (a,b,c) with a,b,c ∈ A and a - b = 2c is at most (0.5+o(1))|A|². These estimates...