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In this paper we study bi-infinite words on two letters. We say that such a word has stiffness if the number of different subwords of length equals for all sufficiently large. The word is called -balanced if the numbers of occurrences of the symbol a in any two subwords of the same length differ by at most . In the present paper we give a complete description of the class of bi-infinite words of stiffness and show that the number of subwords of length from this class has growth order...
In the paper, the following concept are defined: (i) a minimal left (right, two-sided) ideal with respect to a subset of a semigroup , (ii) a kernel with respect to a subset of a semigroup , and their basic properties are investigated.
A semigroup variety is called modular if it is a modular element of the lattice of all semigroup varieties. We obtain a strong necessary condition for a semigroup variety to be modular. In particular, we prove that every modular nil-variety may be given by 0-reduced identities and substitutive identities only. (An identity is called substitutive if the words and depend on the same letters and may be obtained from by renaming of letters.) We completely determine all commutative modular...
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