It has been proved recently that the two-direction refinement equation of the form $f\left(x\right)={\sum }_{n\in }{c}_{n,1}f(kx-n)+{\sum }_{n\in \mathbb{Z}}{c}_{n,-1}f(-kx-n)$ can be used in wavelet theory for constructing two-direction wavelets, biorthogonal wavelets, wavelet packages, wavelet frames and others. The two-direction refinement equation generalizes the classical refinement equation $f\left(x\right)={\sum }_{n\in \mathbb{Z}}cₙf(kx-n)$, which has been used in many areas of mathematics with important applications. The following continuous extension of the classical refinement equation $f\left(x\right)={\int }_{ℝ}c\left(y\right)f(kx-y)dy$ has also various interesting applications....

We describe the natural framework in which the relative spectral theory is developed. We give some results and indicate how they relate to two open problems in ergodic theory. We also compute the relative entropy of gaussian extensions of ergodic transformations.

The Ruelle operator and the associated Perron-Frobenius property have been extensively studied in dynamical systems. Recently the theory has been adapted to iterated function systems (IFS) $(X,{w_j}_{j=1}^m,{p_j}_{j=1}^m)$, where the $w_j$’s are contractive self-maps on a compact subset $X\subseteq {ℝ}^d$ and the $p_j$’s are positive Dini functions on X [FL]. In this paper we consider Ruelle operators defined by weakly contractive IFS and nonexpansive IFS. It is known that in such cases, positive bounded eigenfunctions may not exist in general. Our theorems...