The classification of circle-like continua that admit expansive homeomorphisms
A homeomorphism h: X → X of a compactum X is expansive provided that for some fixed c > 0 and every x, y ∈ X (x ≠ y) there exists an integer n, dependent only on x and y, such that d(hⁿ(x),hⁿ(y)) > c. It is shown that if X is a solenoid that admits an expansive homeomorphism, then X is homeomorphic to a regular solenoid. It can then be concluded that a circle-like continuum admits an expansive homeomorphism if and only if it is homeomorphic to a regular solenoid.