Proportion functions in three dimensions.
Strengthened forms of Ling's representation theorem concerning a class of continuous associative functions are given: Firstly the monotonicity condition is removed. Then the associativity condition is replaced by the power associativity.
Equation[1] f(x+y) + f (f(x)+f(y)) = f (f(x+f(y)) + f(f(x)+y))has been proposed by C. Alsina in the class of continuous and decreasing involutions of (0,+∞). General solution of [1] is not known yet. Nevertheless we give solutions of the following equations which may be derived from [1]:[2] f(x+1) + f (f(x)+1) = 1,[3] f(2x) + f(2f(x)) = f(2f(x + f(x))).Equation [3] leads to a Cauchy functional equation:[4] phi(f(x)+x) = phi(f(x)) + phi(x),restricted to the graph of the function f,...
In economic systems, reactions to external shocks often come with a delay. On the other hand, agents try to anticipate future developments. Both can lead to difference-differential equations with an advancing argument. These are more difficult to handle than either difference or differential equations, but they have the merit of added realism and increased credibility. This paper generalizes a model from monetary economics by von Kalckreuth and Schröder. Working out its stability properties, we...