Hyperhopfian groups and approximate fibrations
A new mathematical theory, non-associative geometry, providing a unified algebraic description of continuous and discrete spacetime, is introduced.
The theory of covering spaces is often used to prove the Nielsen-Schreier theorem, which states that every subgroup of a free group is free. We apply the more general theory of semicovering spaces to obtain analogous subgroup theorems for topological groups: Every open subgroup of a free Graev topological group is a free Graev topological group. An open subgroup of a free Markov topological group is a free Markov topological group if and only if it is disconnected.
The orbit projection of a proper -manifold is a fibration if and only if all points in are regular. Under additional assumptions we show that is a quasifibration if and only if all points are regular. We get a full answer in the equivariant category: is a -quasifibration if and only if all points are regular.
Let be a source locally trivial proper Lie groupoid such that each orbit is of finite type. The orbit projection is a fibration if and only if is regular.
A construction of the noncommutative-geometric counterparts of classical classifying spaces is presented, for general compact matrix quantum structure groups. A quantum analogue of the classical concept of the classifying map is introduced and analyzed. Interrelations with the abstract algebraic theory of quantum characteristic classes are discussed. Various non-equivalent approaches to defining universal characteristic classes are outlined.