The averaging of nonlocal Hamiltonian structures in Whitham's method.
We start by formulating geometrically the Newton’s law for a classical free particle in terms of Riemannian geometry, as pattern for subsequent developments. For constrained systems we have intrinsic and extrinsic viewpoints, with respect to the environmental space. Multi–particle systems are modelled on -th products of the pattern model. We apply the above scheme to discrete rigid systems. We study the splitting of the tangent and cotangent environmental space into the three components of center...
Around 1923, Élie Cartan introduced affine connections on manifolds and defined the main related concepts: torsion, curvature, holonomy groups. He discussed applications of these concepts in Classical and Relativistic Mechanics; in particular he explained how parallel transport with respect to a connection can be related to the principle of inertia in Galilean Mechanics and, more generally, can be used to model the motion of a particle in a gravitational field. In subsequent papers, Élie Cartan...