Normality, nuclear squares and Osborn identities

Aleš Drápal; Michael Kinyon

Displaying similar documents to “Normality, nuclear squares and Osborn identities”

Nonassociative triples in involutory loops and in loops of small order

Aleš Drápal, Jan Hora (2020)

Commentationes Mathematicae Universitatis Carolinae

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A loop of order $n$ possesses at least $3 n^{2} - 3 n + 1$ associative triples. However, no loop of order $n > 1$ that achieves this bound seems to be known. If the loop is involutory, then it possesses at least $3 n^{2} - 2 n$ associative triples. Involutory loops with $3 n^{2} - 2 n$ associative triples can be obtained by prolongation of certain maximally nonassociative quasigroups whenever $n - 1$ is a prime greater than or equal to $13$ or $n - 1 = p^{2 k}$ , $p$ an odd prime. For orders $n \leq 9$ the minimum number of associative triples is reported for both general...

Automorphic loops and metabelian groups

Mark Greer, Lee Raney (2020)

Commentationes Mathematicae Universitatis Carolinae

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Given a uniquely 2-divisible group $G$ , we study a commutative loop $(G, \circ)$ which arises as a result of a construction in “Engelsche elemente noetherscher gruppen” (1957) by R. Baer. We investigate some general properties and applications of “ $\circ$ ” and determine a necessary and sufficient condition on $G$ in order for $(G, \circ)$ to be Moufang. In “A class of loops categorically isomorphic to Bruck loops of odd order” (2014) by M. Greer, it is conjectured that $G$ is metabelian if and only if $(G, \circ)$ is an automorphic...

On finite commutative loops which are centrally nilpotent

Emma Leppälä, Markku Niemenmaa (2015)

Commentationes Mathematicae Universitatis Carolinae

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Let $Q$ be a finite commutative loop and let the inner mapping group $I (Q) ≅ C_{p^{n}} \times C_{p^{n}}$ , where $p$ is an odd prime number and $n \geq 1$ . We show that $Q$ is centrally nilpotent of class two.

Moufang loops of order coprime to three that cyclically extend groups of dihedral type

Aleš Drápal (2016)

Commentationes Mathematicae Universitatis Carolinae

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This paper completely solves the isomorphism problem for Moufang loops $Q = G C$ where $G ⊴ Q$ is a noncommutative group with cyclic subgroup of index two and $| Z (G) | \leq 2$ , $C$ is cyclic, $G \cap C = 1$ , and $Q$ is finite of order coprime to three.

The centre of a Steiner loop and the maxi-Pasch problem

Andrew R. Kozlik (2020)

Commentationes Mathematicae Universitatis Carolinae

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A binary operation “ $\cdot$ ” which satisfies the identities $x \cdot e = x$ , $x \cdot x = e$ , $(x \cdot y) \cdot x = y$ and $x \cdot y = y \cdot x$ is called a Steiner loop. This paper revisits the proof of the necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a Steiner loop of order $n$ with centre of order $m$ and discusses the connection of this problem to the question of the maximum number of Pasch configurations which can occur in a Steiner triple system (STS) of a given order. An STS which attains this maximum for a given order is said to be . We show that...

On dicyclic groups as inner mapping groups of finite loops

Emma Leppälä, Markku Niemenmaa (2016)

Commentationes Mathematicae Universitatis Carolinae

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Let $G$ be a finite group with a dicyclic subgroup $H$ . We show that if there exist $H$ -connected transversals in $G$ , then $G$ is a solvable group. We apply this result to loop theory and show that if the inner mapping group $I (Q)$ of a finite loop $Q$ is dicyclic, then $Q$ is a solvable loop. We also discuss a more general solvability criterion in the case where $I (Q)$ is a certain type of a direct product.

Generating varieties for the triple loop space of classical Lie groups

Yasuhiko Kamiyama (2003)

Fundamenta Mathematicae

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For G = SU(n), Sp(n) or Spin(n), let $C_{G} (S U (2))$ be the centralizer of a certain SU(2) in G. We have a natural map $J : G / C_{G} (S U (2)) \to Ω ₀ ³ G$ . For a generator α of $H ⁎ (G / C_{G} (S U (2)); ℤ / 2)$ , we describe J⁎(α). In particular, it is proved that $J ⁎ : H ⁎ (G / C_{G} (S U (2)); ℤ / 2) \to H ⁎ (Ω ₀ ³ G; ℤ / 2)$ is injective.

Extending the structural homomorphism of LCC loops

Piroska Csörgö (2005)

Commentationes Mathematicae Universitatis Carolinae

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A loop $Q$ is said to be left conjugacy closed if the set $A = {L_{x} / x \in Q}$ is closed under conjugation. Let $Q$ be an LCC loop, let $ℒ$ and $ℛ$ be the left and right multiplication groups of $Q$ respectively, and let $I (Q)$ be its inner mapping group, $M (Q)$ its multiplication group. By Drápal’s theorem [3, Theorem 2.8] there exists a homomorphism $Λ : ℒ \to I (Q)$ determined by $L_{x} \to R_{x}^{- 1} L_{x}$ . In this short note we examine different possible extensions of this $Λ$ and the uniqueness of these extensions.

Classification of quasigroups according to directions of translations II

Fedir Sokhatsky, Alla Lutsenko (2021)

Commentationes Mathematicae Universitatis Carolinae

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In each quasigroup $Q$ there are defined six types of translations: the left, right and middle translations and their inverses. Two translations may coincide as permutations of $Q$ , and yet be different when considered upon the web of the quasigroup. We shall call each of the translation types a direction and will associate it with one of the elements $ι, l, r, s, l s$ and $r s$ , i.e., the elements of a symmetric group $S_{3}$ . Properties of the directions are considered in part 1 of “Classification of quasigroups...

Linear operator identities in quasigroups

Reza Akhtar (2022)

Commentationes Mathematicae Universitatis Carolinae

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We study identities of the form $L_{x_{0}} ϕ_{1} \dots ϕ_{n} R_{x_{n + 1}} = R_{x_{n + 1}} ϕ_{σ (1)} \dots ϕ_{σ (n)} L_{x_{0}}$ in quasigroups, where $n \geq 1$ , $σ$ is a permutation of ${1, ..., n}$ , and for each $i$ , $ϕ_{i}$ is either $L_{x_{i}}$ or $R_{x_{i}}$ . We prove that in a quasigroup, every such identity implies commutativity. Moreover, if $σ$ is chosen randomly and uniformly, it also satisfies associativity with probability approaching $1$ as $n \to \infty$ .