Given $\{h_1,\cdots ,h_t\}$ a finite subset of ${ℝ}^d$, we study the continuous complex valued functions and the Schwartz complex valued distributions $f$ defined on ${ℝ}^d$ with the property that the forward differences ${\Delta }_{h_k}^{m_k}f$ are (in distributional sense) continuous exponential polynomials for some natural numbers $m_1,\cdots ,m_t$.

For n ∈ ℕ, L > 0, and p ≥ 1 let ${\kappa }_p(n,L)$ be the largest possible value of k for which there is a polynomial P ≠ 0 of the form $P\left(x\right)={\sum }_{j=0}^n{a}_j{x}^j$, $|a_0\left|\ge L\right({\sum }_{j=1}^n|a_j{|}^p$1/p$,$aj ∈ ℂ$,$such that ${(x-1)}^k$ divides P(x). For n ∈ ℕ and L > 0 let ${\kappa }_{\infty }(n,L)$ be the largest possible value of k for which there is a polynomial P ≠ 0 of the form $P\left(x\right)={\sum }_{j=0}^n{a}_j{x}^j$, $|a_0|\ge Lma{x}_{1\le j\le n}|a_j|$, $a_j\in ℂ$, such that ${(x-1)}^k$ divides P(x). We prove that there are absolute constants c₁ > 0 and c₂ > 0 such that $c_1\surd (n/L)-1\le {\kappa }_{\infty }(n,L)\le c_2\surd (n/L)$ for every L ≥ 1. This complements an earlier result of the authors valid for every n ∈ ℕ and L ∈...

Let $V$ be the complex vector space of homogeneous linear polynomials in the variables $x_1,...,x_m$. Suppose $G$ is a subgroup of $S_m$, and $\chi$ is an irreducible character of $G$. Let $H_d(G,\chi )$ be the symmetry class of polynomials of degree $d$ with respect to $G$ and $\chi$. For any linear operator $T$ acting on $V$, there is a (unique) induced operator $K_{\chi }\left(T\right)\in \mathrm{End}\left(H_d(G,\chi )\right)$ acting on symmetrized decomposable polynomials by $$K_{\chi }\left(T\right)(f_1*f_2*...*f_d)=T{f}_1*T{f}_2*...*T{f}_d.$$ In this paper, we show that the representation $T\mapsto K_{\chi }\left(T\right)$ of the general linear group $GL\left(V\right)$ is equivalent to the direct sum of $\chi \left(1\right)$ copies...

Let $\parallel ·\parallel$ be the uniform norm in the unit disk. We study the quantities $M_n\left(\alpha \right):=inf(\parallel zP\left(z\right)+\alpha \parallel -\alpha )$ where the infimum is taken over all polynomials $P$ of degree $n-1$ with $\parallel P\left(z\right)\parallel =1$ and $\alpha >0$. In a recent paper by Fournier, Letac and Ruscheweyh (Math. Nachrichten 283 (2010), 193-199) it was shown that ${inf}_{\alpha >0}{M}_n\left(\alpha \right)=1/n$. We find the exact values of $M_n\left(\alpha \right)$ and determine corresponding extremal polynomials. The method applied uses known cases of maximal ranges of polynomials.

The paper deals with the approximation by polynomials with integer coefficients in $L_p(0,1)$, 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. Let $P_{n,r}$ be the space of polynomials of degree ≤ n which are divisible by the polynomial $x^r{(1-x)}^r$, r ≥ 0, and let $P_{n,r}^{\mathbb{Z}}\subset P_{n,r}$ be the set of polynomials with integer coefficients. Let $\mu (P_{n,r}^{\mathbb{Z}};L_p)$ be the maximal distance of elements of $P_{n,r}$ from $P_{n,r}^{\mathbb{Z}}$ in $L_p(0,1)$. We give rather precise quantitative estimates of $\mu (P_{n,r}^{\mathbb{Z}};L₂)$ for n ≳ 6r. Then we obtain similar, somewhat less precise, estimates of $\mu (P_{n,r}^{\mathbb{Z}};L_p)$ for p ≠ 2. It follows that $\mu (P_{n,r}^{\mathbb{Z}};L_p)\asymp n^{-2r-2/p}$ as n → ∞. The results...

Let K be any subset of ${ℂ}^N$. We define a pluricomplex Green’s function $V_{K,\theta }$ for θ-incomplete polynomials. We establish properties of $V_{K,\theta }$ analogous to those of the weighted pluricomplex Green’s function. When K is a regular compact subset of ${ℝ}^N$, we show that every continuous function that can be approximated uniformly on K by θ-incomplete polynomials, must vanish on $K\setminus supp{\left(d{d}^c{V}_{K,\theta }\right)}^N$. We prove a version of Siciak’s theorem and a comparison theorem for θ-incomplete polynomials. We compute $supp{\left(d{d}^c{V}_{K,\theta }\right)}^N$ when K is a compact...

Let D and ∂D denote the open unit disk and the unit circle of the complex plane, respectively. We denote by ₙ (resp. ${ₙ}^c$) the set of all polynomials of degree at most n with real (resp. complex) coefficients. We define the truncation operators Sₙ for polynomials $Pₙ\in {ₙ}^c$ of the form $Pₙ\left(z\right):={\sum }_{j=0}^n{a}_j{z}_j$, $a_j\in C$, by $Sₙ\left(Pₙ\right)\left(z\right):={\sum }_{j=0}^{n}a{̃}_j{z}_j$, $a{̃}_j:=a_j\left|a_j\right|min|a_j|,1$ (here 0/0 is interpreted as 1). We define the norms of the truncation operators by $\parallel Sₙ{\parallel }_{\infty ,\partial D}^{real}:=su{p}_{Pₙ\in ₙ}(ma{x}_{z\in \partial D}\left|Sₙ\left(Pₙ\right)\left(z\right)\right|)/(ma{x}_{z\in \partial D}\left|Pₙ\left(z\right)\right|)$, $\parallel Sₙ{\parallel }_{\infty ,\partial D}^{comp}:=su{p}_{Pₙ\in {ₙ}^c}(ma{x}_{z\in \partial D}\left|Sₙ\left(Pₙ\right)\left(z\right)\right|)/(ma{x}_{z\in \partial D}\left|Pₙ\left(z\right)\right|$. Our main theorem establishes the right order of magnitude of the above norms: there is an absolute constant c₁...

For n ∈ ℕ, L > 0, and p ≥ 1 let ${\kappa }_p(n,L)$ be the largest possible value of k for which there is a polynomial P ≢ 0 of the form $P\left(x\right)={\sum }_{j=0}^n{a}_j{x}^j$, $|a_0\left|\ge L\right({\sum }_{j=1}^n|a_j{{|}^p)}^{1/p}$, $a_j\in ℂ$, such that ${(x-1)}^k$ divides P(x). For n ∈ ℕ, L > 0, and q ≥ 1 let ${\mu }_q(n,L)$ be the smallest value of k for which there is a polynomial Q of degree k with complex coefficients such that $\left|Q\left(0\right)\right|>1/L({\sum }_{j=1}^n{\left|Q\left(j\right)\right|}^q{)}^{1/q}$. We find the size of ${\kappa }_p(n,L)$ and ${\mu }_q(n,L)$ for all n ∈ ℕ, L > 0, and 1 ≤ p,q ≤ ∞. The result about ${\mu }_{\infty }(n,L)$ is due to Coppersmith and Rivlin, but our proof is completely different and much shorter even...

We obtain an estimate on the average cardinality (d,s,a) of the value set of any family of monic polynomials in ${}_q\left[T\right]$ of degree d for which s consecutive coefficients $a=(a_{d-1},...,a_{d-s})$ are fixed. Our estimate asserts that $(d,s,a)={\mu }_{d}q+\left(q^{1/2}\right)$, where ${\mu }_d:={\sum }_{r=1}^d\left({(-1)}^{r-1}\right)/(r!)$. We also prove that $₂(d,s,a)=\mu {²}_{d}q²+\left(q^{3/2}\right)$, where ₂(d,s,a) is the average second moment of the value set cardinalities for any family of monic polynomials of ${}_q\left[T\right]$ of degree d with s consecutive coefficients fixed as above. Finally, we show that $₂(d,0)=\mu {²}_{d}q²+\left(q\right)$, where ₂(d,0) denotes the average second moment for...

We show that the discriminant of the generalized Laguerre polynomial $L_n^{\left(\alpha \right)}\left(x\right)$ is a non-zero square for some integer pair $(n,\alpha )$, with $n\ge 1$, if and only if $(n,\alpha )$ belongs to one of $30$ explicitly given infinite sets of pairs or to an additional finite set of pairs. As a consequence, we obtain new information on when the Galois group of $L_n^{\left(\alpha \right)}\left(x\right)$ over $\mathbb{Q}$ is the alternating group $A_n$. For example, we establish that for all but finitely many positive integers $n\equiv 2(mod4)$, the only $\alpha$ for which the Galois group of $L_n^{\left(\alpha \right)}\left(x\right)$ over $\mathbb{Q}$ is $A_n$ is...

Let $𝔻$ denote the unit disk $\{z:|z|<1\}$ in the complex plane $ℂ$. In this paper, we study a family of polynomials $P$ with only one zero lying outside $\overline{𝔻}$.  We establish  criteria for $P$ to satisfy implying that each of $P$ and $P^{\text{'}}$  has exactly one critical point outside $\overline{𝔻}$.

Given a Tychonoff space $X$ and an infinite cardinal $\kappa$, we prove that exponential $\kappa$-domination in $X$ is equivalent to exponential $\kappa$-cofinality of $C_p\left(X\right)$. On the other hand, exponential $\kappa$-cofinality of $X$ is equivalent to exponential $\kappa$-domination in $C_p\left(X\right)$. We show that every exponentially $\kappa$-cofinal space $X$ has a ${\kappa }^{+}$-small diagonal; besides, if $X$ is $\kappa$-stable, then $nw\left(X\right)\le \kappa$. In particular, any compact exponentially $\kappa$-cofinal space has weight not exceeding $\kappa$. We also establish that any exponentially $\kappa$-cofinal...

Let $\left[t\right]$ be the integral part of a real number $t$, and let $f$ be the arithmetic function satisfying some simple condition. We establish a new asymptotical formula for the sum $S_f\left(x\right)={\sum }_{n\le x}f\left([x/n]\right)$, which improves the recent result of J. Stucky (2022).

The extremal functions  $f_0\left(z\right)$  realizing the maxima of some functionals (e.g. $max|a_3|$, and  $maxarg{f}^{{}^{\text{'}}}\left(z\right)$) within the so-called universal linearly invariant family $U_{\alpha }$ (in the sense of Pommerenke [10]) have such a form that $f_0^{{}^{\text{'}}}\left(z\right)$  looks similar to generating function for Meixner-Pollaczek (MP) polynomials [2], [8]. This fact gives motivation for the definition and study of the generalized Meixner-Pollaczek (GMP) polynomials $P_n^{\lambda }(x;\theta ,\psi )$ of a real variable $x$ as coefficients of $$G^{\lambda }(x;\theta ,\psi ;z)=\frac{1}{{(1-z{e}^{i\theta })}^{\lambda -ix}{(1-z{e}^{i\psi })}^{\lambda +ix}}=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{P}_n^{\lambda }(x;\theta ,\psi )z^n,\left|z\right|<1,$$ where the parameters $\lambda$, $\theta$, $\psi$ satisfy the conditions:...

The coefficients of the greatest common divisor of two polynomials $f$ and $g$ (GCD$(f,g)$) can be obtained from the Sylvester subresultant matrix $S_j(f,g)$ transformed to lower triangular form, where $1\le j\le d$ and $d=$ deg(GCD$(f,g)$) needs to be computed. Firstly, it is supposed that the coefficients of polynomials are given exactly. Transformations of $S_j(f,g)$ for an arbitrary allowable $j$ are in details described and an algorithm for the calculation of the GCD$(f,g)$ is formulated. If inexact polynomials are given, then an approximate...

We consider the space ${}^{ℳ}$ of ultradifferentiable functions with compact supports and the space of polynomials on ${}^{ℳ}$. A description of the space ${(}^{ℳ})$ of polynomial ultradistributions as a locally convex direct sum is given.

CONTENTS1. Introduction...................................................................................................... 52. Notation and basic terminology........................................................................... 73. Definition and basic properties of the $L_{p,q}$ spaces................................. 114. Integral representation of bounded linear functionals on $L_{p,q}\left(B\right)$........ 235. Examples in $L_{p,q}$ theory...................................................................................

If $f(x)$ is a polynomial with coefficients in the field of complex numbers, of positive degree $n$, then $f(x)$ has at least one root a with the following property: if $\mu \le k\le n$, where $\mu$ is the multiplicity of $\alpha$, then $f^{(k)}(\alpha )\ne 0$ (such a root is said to be a "free" root of $f(x)$). This is a consequence of the so-called Gauss-Lucas'lemma. One could conjecture that this property remains true for polynomials (of degree $n$) with coefficients in a field of positive characteristic $p>n$ (Sudbery's Conjecture). In this paper it...