Consider the difference equation $$\Delta x\left(n\right)+\sum _{i=1}^m{p}_i\left(n\right)x\left({\tau }_i\left(n\right)\right)=0,n\ge 0\left[\nabla x\left(n\right)-\sum _{i=1}^m{p}_i\left(n\right)x\left({\sigma }_i\left(n\right)\right)=0,n\ge 1\right],$$ where $\left(p_i\left(n\right)\right)$, $1\le i\le m$ are sequences of nonnegative real numbers, ${\tau }_i\left(n\right)$ [${\sigma }_i\left(n\right)$], $1\le i\le m$ are general retarded (advanced) arguments and $\Delta$ [$\nabla$] denotes the forward (backward) difference operator $\Delta x\left(n\right)=x(n+1)-x\left(n\right)$ [$\nabla x\left(n\right)=x\left(n\right)-x(n-1)$]. New oscillation criteria are established when the well-known oscillation conditions $$\underset{n\to \infty }{lim\; sup}\sum _{i=1}^m\sum _{j=\tau \left(n\right)}^n{p}_i\left(j\right)>1\left[\underset{n\to \infty }{lim\; sup}\sum _{i=1}^m\sum _{j=n}^{\sigma \left(n\right)}{p}_i\left(j\right)>1\right]$$ and $$\underset{n\to \infty }{lim\; inf}\sum _{i=1}^m\sum _{j={\tau }_i\left(n\right)}^{n-1}{p}_i\left(j\right)>\frac{1}{\mathrm{e}}\left[\underset{n\to \infty }{lim\; inf}\sum _{i=1}^m\sum _{j=n+1}^{{\sigma }_i\left(n\right)}{p}_i\left(j\right)>\frac{1}{\mathrm{e}}\right]$$ are not satisfied. Here $\tau \left(n\right)={max}_{1\le i\le m}{\tau }_i\left(n\right)$ $[\sigma \left(n\right)={min}_{1\le i\le m}{\sigma }_i\left(n\right)]$. The results obtained essentially improve known results in the literature. Examples illustrating the results are also given.

It is shown that if $G$ is a connected metrizable compact Abelian group and $1\<p\<\infty$, any (possibly discontinuous) translation invariant linear form on $L^p\left(G\right)$ is a scalar multiple of the Haar measure. This result extends the theorem of G.H. Meisters and W.M. Schmidt (J. Funct. Anal. 13 (1972), 407-424) on $L^2\left(G\right)$. Our method permits in fact to consider any superreflexive translation invariant Banach lattice on $G$, which is the adopted point of view. We study the representation of an element $f$ of this invariant...

For simply connected planar domains with the maximal conformal radius 1 it was proven in 1954 by G. Pólya and M. Schiffer that for the eigenvalues $\lambda$ of the fixed membrane for any $n$ the following inequality holds $$\sum _{k=1}^n\frac{1}{{\lambda }_k}\ge \sum _{k=1}^n\frac{1}{{\lambda }_k^{\left(\sigma \right)}},$$ where ${\lambda }_k^{\left(\sigma \right)}$ are the eigenvalues of the unit disk. The aim of the paper is to give a sharper version of this inequality and for the sum of all reciprocals to derive formulas which allow in some cases to calculate exactly this sum.

We consider the summation equation, for $t\in {[\mu -2,\mu +b]}_{{\mathbb{N}}_{\mu -2}}$, $$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill y\left(t\right)={\gamma }_1\left(t\right)H_1\left(\sum _{i=1}^n{a}_{i}y\left({\xi }_i\right)\right)& +{\gamma }_2\left(t\right)H_2\left(\sum _{i=1}^m{b}_{i}y\left({\zeta }_i\right)\right)\hfill & \hfill +\lambda \sum _{s=0}^{b}G(t,s)f(s+\mu -1,y(s+\mu -1))\end{array}$$ in the case where the map $(t,s)\mapsto G(t,s)$ may change sign; here $\mu \in (1,2]$ is a parameter, which may be understood as the order of an associated discrete fractional boundary value problem. In spite of the fact that $G$ is allowed to change sign, by introducing a new cone we are able to establish the existence of at least one positive solution to this problem by imposing some growth conditions on the functions $H_1$ and $H_2$. Finally, as an application of the abstract existence...

Let $f\left(x\right)\sim \Sigma a_n{e}^{2\pi inx},f*\left(x\right)\sim {\sum }_{n=0}^{\infty }a{*}_n\cos 2\pi nx$, where the $a{*}_n$ are the numbers $\left|a_n\right|$ rearranged so that $a_n^{*}\searrow 0$. Then for any convex increasing $\psi$, $\parallel \psi \left(\right|f{|}^2{\parallel }_1\le \parallel \psi \left(20\right|f*{|}^2{\parallel }_1$. The special case $\psi \left(t\right)=t^{q/2}$, $q\ge 2$, gives $\parallel f{\parallel }_q\le 5\parallel f*{\parallel }_q$ an equivalent of Littlewood.

Let $G$ be a compact group, let $n\in N\setminus \{0,1\}$ be a fixed element and let $\sigma$ be a continuous automorphism on $G$ such that ${\sigma }^n=I$. Using the non-abelian Fourier transform, we determine the non-zero continuous solutions $f:G\to C$ of the functional equation $$f\left(xy\right)+\sum _{k=1}^{n-1}f\left({\sigma }^k\left(y\right)x\right)=nf\left(x\right)f\left(y\right),x,y\in G,$$ in terms of unitary characters of $G$.

Let $K$ be a finite field of characteristic $p$. Let $K\left(\right(x\left)\right)$ be the field of formal Laurent series $f\left(x\right)$ in $x$ with coefficients in $K$. That is, $$f\left(x\right)=\sum _{n=n_0}^{\infty }{f}_n{x}^n$$ with $n_0\in 𝐙$ and $f_n\in K(n=n_0,n_0+1,\cdots )$. We discuss the distribution of ${\left(\left\{f^m\right\}\right)}_{m=0,1,2,\cdots }$ for $f\in K\left(\right(x\left)\right)$, where $$\left\{f\right\}:=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{f}_n{x}^n\in K\left[\left[x\right]\right]$$ denotes the nonnegative part of $f\in K\left(\right(x\left)\right)$. This is a little different from the real number case where the fractional part that excludes constant term (digit of order 0) is considered. We give an alternative proof of a result by De Mathan obtaining the generic...

Let $p,q\in ℝ$ with $p-q\ge 0$, $\sigma =\frac{1}{2}(p+q-1)$ and $s=\frac{1}{2}(1-p+q)$, and let $${𝒟}_m(x;p,q)={𝒟}_0(x;p,q)+\sum _{k=1}^m\frac{B_{2k}\left(s\right)}{2k{(x+\sigma )}^{2k}},$$ where $${𝒟}_0(x;p,q)=\frac{\psi (x+p)+\psi (x+q)}{2}-ln(x+\sigma ).$$ We establish the asymptotic expansion $${𝒟}_0(x;p,q)\sim -\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\frac{B_{2n}\left(s\right)}{2n{(x+\sigma )}^{2n}}\text{as}x\to \infty ,$$ where $B_{2n}\left(s\right)$ stands for the Bernoulli polynomials. Further, we prove that the functions ${(-1)}^m{𝒟}_m(x;p,q)$ and ${(-1)}^{m+1}{𝒟}_m(x;p,q)$ are completely monotonic in $x$ on $(-\sigma ,\infty )$ for every $m\in {\mathbb{N}}_0$ if and only if $p-q\in [0,\frac{1}{2}]$ and $p-q=1$, respectively. This not only unifies the two known results but also yields some new results.