A nonstandard approach to arithmetic.
Let be a one-variable function field over a field of constants of characteristic 0. Let be a holomorphy subring of , not equal to . We prove the following undecidability results for : if is recursive, then Hilbert’s Tenth Problem is undecidable in . In general, there exist such that there is no algorithm to tell whether a polynomial equation with coefficients in has solutions in .
We show that many classical decision problems about 1-counter ω-languages, context free ω-languages, or infinitary rational relations, are Π½ -complete, hence located at the second level of the analytical hierarchy, and “highly undecidable”. In particular, the universality problem, the inclusion problem, the equivalence problem, the determinizability problem, the complementability problem, and the unambiguity problem are all Π½ -complete for context-free ω-languages or for infinitary rational...
It is shown that small fragments of the first-order theory of the subword order, the (partial) lexicographic path ordering on words, the homomorphism preorder, and the infix order are undecidable. This is in contrast to the decidability of the monadic second-order theory of the prefix order [M.O. Rabin, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., 1969] and of the theory of the total lexicographic path ordering [P. Narendran and M. Rusinowitch, Lect. Notes Artificial Intelligence, 2000] and, in case of the subword...