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On the range of Carmichael's universal-exponent function

Florian Luca, Carl Pomerance (2014)

Acta Arithmetica

Let λ denote Carmichael’s function, so λ(n) is the universal exponent for the multiplicative group modulo n. It is closely related to Euler’s φ-function, but we show here that the image of λ is much denser than the image of φ. In particular the number of λ-values to x exceeds x / ( l o g x ) . 36 for all large x, while for φ it is equal to x / ( l o g x ) 1 + o ( 1 ) , an old result of Erdős. We also improve on an earlier result of the first author and Friedlander giving an upper bound for the distribution of λ-values.

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