The purpose of this paper is to study the commutative pseudomeadows, the structure which is defined in the same way as commutative meadows, except that the existence of a multiplicative identity is not required. We extend the characterization of finite commutative meadows, given by I. Bethke, P. Rodenburg, and A. Sevenster in their paper (2015), to the case of commutative pseudomeadows with finitely many idempotents. We also extend the well-known characterization of general commutative meadows as...

The article studies the cubic mapping graph $\Gamma \left(n\right)$ of ${\mathbb{Z}}_n\left[\mathrm{i}\right]$, the ring of Gaussian integers modulo $n$. For each positive integer $n>1$, the number of fixed points and the in-degree of the elements $\overline{1}$ and $\overline{0}$ in $\Gamma \left(n\right)$ are found. Moreover, complete characterizations in terms of $n$ are given in which ${\Gamma }_2\left(n\right)$ is semiregular, where ${\Gamma }_2\left(n\right)$ is induced by all the zero-divisors of ${\mathbb{Z}}_n\left[\mathrm{i}\right]$.

For a finite commutative ring $R$ and a positive integer $k⩾2$, we construct an iteration digraph $G(R,k)$ whose vertex set is $R$ and for which there is a directed edge from $a\in R$ to $b\in R$ if $b=a^k$. Let $R=R_1\oplus ...\oplus R_s$, where $s>1$ and $R_i$ is a finite commutative local ring for $i\in \{1,...,s\}$. Let $N$ be a subset of $\{R_1,\cdots ,R_s\}$ (it is possible that $N$ is the empty set $\varnothing$). We define the fundamental constituents $G_N^{*}(R,k)$ of $G(R,k)$ induced by the vertices which are of the form $\{(a_1,\cdots ,a_s)\in R:a_i\in \mathrm{D}\left(R_i\right)$ if $R_i\in N$, otherwise $a_i\in \mathrm{U}\left(R_i\right),i=1,...,s\},$ where U$\left(R\right)$ denotes the unit group of $R$ and D$\left(R\right)$ denotes the zero-divisor set of $R$. We investigate...

The moduli space of rank-$n$ commutative algebras equipped with an ordered basis is an affine scheme ${𝔅}_n$ of finite type over $\mathbb{Z}$, with geometrically connected fibers. It is smooth if and only if $n\le 3$. It is reducible if $n\ge 8$ (and the converse holds, at least if we remove the fibers above $2$ and $3$). The relative dimension of ${𝔅}_n$ is $\frac{2}{27}{n}^3+O\left(n^{8/3}\right)$. The subscheme parameterizing étale algebras is isomorphic to ${GL}_n/S_n$, which is of dimension only $n^2$. For $n\ge 8$, there exist algebras that are not limits of étale algebras. The dimension calculations...