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Degree estimate for subalgebras generated by two elements

Leonid Makar-Limanov, Jie-Tai Yu (2008)

Journal of the European Mathematical Society

We develop a new combinatorial method to deal with a degree estimate for subalgebras generated by two elements in different environments. We obtain a lower bound for the degree of the elements in two-generated subalgebras of a free associative algebra over a field of zero characteristic. We also reproduce a somewhat refined degree estimate of Shestakov and Umirbaev for the polynomial algebra, which plays an essential role in the recent celebrated solution of the Nagata conjecture and the strong...

Differential smoothness of affine Hopf algebras of Gelfand-Kirillov dimension two

Tomasz Brzeziński (2015)

Colloquium Mathematicae

Two-dimensional integrable differential calculi for classes of Ore extensions of the polynomial ring and the Laurent polynomial ring in one variable are constructed. Thus it is concluded that all affine pointed Hopf domains of Gelfand-Kirillov dimension two which are not polynomial identity rings are differentially smooth.

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