Natural covers
In 1940, O. G. Harrold showed that no arc can be the exactly 2-to-1 continuous image of a metric continuum, and in 1947 W. H. Gottschalk showed that no dendrite is a 2-to-1 image. In 2003 we show that no arc-connected treelike continuum is the 2-to-1 image of a continuum.
We establish five theorems giving lists of nonlinear contractive conditions which turn out to be mutually equivalent. We derive them from some general lemmas concerning subsets of the plane which may be applied both in the single- or set-valued case as well as for a family of mappings. A separation theorem for concave functions is proved as an auxiliary result. Also, we discuss briefly the following problems for several classes of contractions: stability of procedure of successive approximations,...
The main purpose of this paper is to establish general conditions under which -spaces are compact-covering images of metric spaces by using the concept of -covers. We generalize a series of results on compact-covering open images and sequence-covering quotient images of metric spaces, and correct some mapping characterizations of -metrizable spaces by compact-covering -maps and -maps.