A combinatorial interpretation of homotopy groups of polyhedra
For the n-dimensional Hawaiian earring n ≥ 2, and is trivial for each 1 ≤ i ≤ n - 1. Let CX be the cone over a space X and CX ∨ CY be the one-point union with two points of the base spaces X and Y being identified to a point. Then for n ≥ 1.
Let X and Y be one-dimensional Peano continua. If the fundamental groups of X and Y are isomorphic, then X and Y are homotopy equivalent. Every homomorphism from the fundamental group of X to that of Y is a composition of a homomorphism induced from a continuous map and a base point change isomorphism.