A relation between the multiplicity of the second eigenvalue of a graph Laplacian, Courant's nodal line theorem and the substantial dimension of tight polyhedral surfaces.
Let be a tree, let be its vertex. The branch weight of is the maximum number of vertices of a branch of at . The set of vertices of in which attains its minimum is the branch weight centroid of . For finite trees the present author proved that coincides with the median of , therefore it consists of one vertex or of two adjacent vertices. In this paper we show that for infinite countable trees the situation is quite different.
A theorem is proved which implies affirmative answers to the problems of E. Prisner. One problem is whether there are cycles of the line graph operator with period other than 1, the other whether there are cycles of the 4-edge graph operator with period greater than 2. Then a similar theorem follows.
A subset D of the vertex set of a graph G is a (k,p)-dominating set if every vertex v ∈ V(G)∖D is within distance k to at least p vertices in D. The parameter denotes the minimum cardinality of a (k,p)-dominating set of G. In 1994, Bean, Henning and Swart posed the conjecture that for any graph G with δₖ(G) ≥ k+p-1, where the latter means that every vertex is within distance k to at least k+p-1 vertices other than itself. In 2005, Fischermann and Volkmann confirmed this conjecture for all integers...
A finite orthomodular lattice in which every maximal Boolean subalgebra (block) has the same cardinality is called -regular, if each atom is a member of just blocks. We estimate the minimal number of blocks of -regular orthomodular lattices to be lower than of equal to regardless of .