On a comparison of Gauss sums with products of Lagrange resolvents
A congruence of Emma Lehmer (1938) for Euler numbers modulo p in terms of a certain sum of reciprocals of squares of integers was recently extended to prime power moduli by T. Cai et al. We generalize this further to arbitrary composite moduli n and characterize those n for which the sum in question vanishes modulo n (or modulo n/3 when 3|n). Primes for which play an important role, and we present some numerical results.
Let and denote by the sum-of-digits function in base . For considerIn 1983, F. M. Dekking conjectured that this quantity is greater than and, respectively, less than for infinitely many , thereby claiming an absence of a drift (or Newman) phenomenon. In this paper we prove his conjecture.