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Arithmetical aspects of certain functional equations

Lutz G. Lucht (1997)

Acta Arithmetica

The classical system of functional equations       1 / n ν = 0 n - 1 F ( ( x + ν ) / n ) = n - s F ( x ) (n ∈ ℕ) with s ∈ ℂ, investigated for instance by Artin (1931), Yoder (1975), Kubert (1979), and Milnor (1983), is extended to       1 / n ν = 0 n - 1 F ( ( x + ν ) / n ) = d = 1 λ n ( d ) F ( d x ) (n ∈ ℕ) with complex valued sequences λ n . This leads to new results on the periodic integrable and the aperiodic continuous solutions F:ℝ₊ → ℂ interrelating the theory of functional equations and the theory of arithmetic functions.

Average order in cyclic groups

Joachim von zur Gathen, Arnold Knopfmacher, Florian Luca, Lutz G. Lucht, Igor E. Shparlinski (2004)

Journal de Théorie des Nombres de Bordeaux

For each natural number n we determine the average order α ( n ) of the elements in a cyclic group of order n . We show that more than half of the contribution to α ( n ) comes from the ϕ ( n ) primitive elements of order n . It is therefore of interest to study also the function β ( n ) = α ( n ) / ϕ ( n ) . We determine the mean behavior of α , β , 1 / β , and also consider these functions in the multiplicative groups of finite fields.

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