Every braid admits a short sigma-definite expression

Jean Fromentin

Displaying similar documents to “Every braid admits a short sigma-definite expression”

On the complexity of braids

Ivan Dynnikov, Bert Wiest (2007)

Journal of the European Mathematical Society

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We define a measure of “complexity” of a braid which is natural with respect to both an algebraic and a geometric point of view. Algebraically, we modify the standard notion of the length of a braid by introducing generators $_{i j}$ , which are Garside-like half-twists involving strings $i$ through $j$ , and by counting powered generators $Δ_{i j}^{k}$ as $log (| k | + 1)$ instead of simply $| k |$ . The geometrical complexity is some natural measure of the amount of distortion of the $n$ times punctured disk caused by a homeomorphism....

The orbits of the Hurwitz action of the braid groups on the standard generators

Yoshiro Yaguchi (2010)

Fundamenta Mathematicae

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The Hurwitz action of the n-braid group Bₙ on the n-fold direct product $(B_{m}) ⁿ$ of the m-braid group $B_{m}$ is studied. We show that the orbit of any n- tuple of the n standard generators of $B_{n + 1}$ consists of the (n-1)th powers of n+1 elements.

The 4-string braid group $B_{4}$ has property RD and exponential mesoscopic rank

Sylvain Barré, Mikaël Pichot (2011)

Bulletin de la Société Mathématique de France

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We prove that the braid group $B_{4}$ on 4 strings, its central quotient $B_{4} / 〈 z 〉$ , and the automorphism group $Aut (F_{2})$ of the free group $F_{2}$ on 2 generators, have the property RD of Haagerup–Jolissaint. We also prove that the braid group $B_{4}$ is a group of intermediate mesoscopic rank (of dimension 3). More precisely, we show that the above three groups have exponential mesoscopic rank, i.e., that they contain exponentially many large flat balls which are not included in flats.

Characterization of the alternating groups by their order and one conjugacy class length

Alireza Khalili Asboei, Reza Mohammadyari (2016)

Czechoslovak Mathematical Journal

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Let $G$ be a finite group, and let $N (G)$ be the set of conjugacy class sizes of $G$ . By Thompson’s conjecture, if $L$ is a finite non-abelian simple group, $G$ is a finite group with a trivial center, and $N (G) = N (L)$ , then $L$ and $G$ are isomorphic. Recently, Chen et al. contributed interestingly to Thompson’s conjecture under a weak condition. They only used the group order and one or two special conjugacy class sizes of simple groups and characterized successfully sporadic simple groups (see Li’s PhD dissertation)....

A note on normal generation and generation of groups

Andreas Thom (2015)

Communications in Mathematics

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In this note we study sets of normal generators of finitely presented residually $p$ -finite groups. We show that if an infinite, finitely presented, residually $p$ -finite group $G$ is normally generated by $g_{1}, \dots, g_{k}$ with order $n_{1}, \dots, n_{k} \in {1, 2, \dots} \cup {\infty}$ , then $β_{1}^{(2)} (G) \leq k - 1 - \sum_{i = 1}^{k} \frac{1}{n_{i}},$ where $β_{1}^{(2)} (G)$ denotes the first $ℓ^{2}$ -Betti number of $G$ . We also show that any $k$ -generated group with $β_{1}^{(2)} (G) \geq k - 1 - ε$ must have girth greater than or equal $1 / ε$ .

Duality in $N = 2$ Susy $S U (2)$ Yang-Mills Theory : A Pedagogical Introduction to the Work of Seiberg and Witten

Adel Bilal (1997)

Recherche Coopérative sur Programme n°25

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Products of conjugacy classes in finite unitary groups $G U (3, q^{2})$ and $S U (3, q^{2})$

S.Yu. Orevkov (2013)

Annales de la faculté des sciences de Toulouse Mathématiques

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For the groups $G U (3)$ , $S U (3)$ , $G L (3)$ , $S U (3)$ over a finite field we solve the class product problem, i.e., we give a complete list of $m$ -tuples of conjugacy classes whose product does not contain the identity matrix.

$L_{p, q}$ spaces

Joseph Kupka

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CONTENTS1. Introduction...................................................................................................... 52. Notation and basic terminology........................................................................... 73. Definition and basic properties of the $L_{p, q}$ spaces................................. 114. Integral representation of bounded linear functionals on $L_{p, q} (B)$ ........ 235. Examples in $L_{p, q}$ theory...................................................................................

Invariance of the parity conjecture for $p$ -Selmer groups of elliptic curves in a $D_{2 p^{n}}$ -extension

Thomas de La Rochefoucauld (2011)

Bulletin de la Société Mathématique de France

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We show a $p$ -parity result in a $D_{2 p^{n}}$ -extension of number fields $L / K$ ( $p \geq 5$ ) for the twist $1 \oplus η \oplus τ$ : $W (E / K, 1 \oplus η \oplus τ) = {(- 1)}^{〈1 \oplus η \oplus τ, X_{p} (E / L)〉}$ , where $E$ is an elliptic curve over $K$ , $η$ and $τ$ are respectively the quadratic character and an irreductible representation of degree $2$ of $Gal (L / K) = D_{2 p^{n}}$ , and $X_{p} (E / L)$ is the $p$ -Selmer group. The main novelty is that we use a congruence result between $ε_{0}$ -factors (due to Deligne) for the determination of local root numbers in bad cases (places of additive reduction above 2 and 3). We also give applications to the $p$ -parity conjecture...

Can $ℬ (ℓ^{p})$ ever be amenable?

Matthew Daws, Volker Runde (2008)

Studia Mathematica

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It is known that $ℬ (ℓ^{p})$ is not amenable for p = 1,2,∞, but whether or not $ℬ (ℓ^{p})$ is amenable for p ∈ (1,∞) ∖ 2 is an open problem. We show that, if $ℬ (ℓ^{p})$ is amenable for p ∈ (1,∞), then so are $ℓ^{\infty} (ℬ (ℓ^{p}))$ and $ℓ^{\infty} ((ℓ^{p}))$ . Moreover, if $ℓ^{\infty} ((ℓ^{p}))$ is amenable so is $ℓ^{\infty} (, (E))$ for any index set and for any infinite-dimensional $ℒ^{p}$ -space E; in particular, if $ℓ^{\infty} ((ℓ^{p}))$ is amenable for p ∈ (1,∞), then so is $ℓ^{\infty} ((ℓ^{p} \oplus ℓ ²))$ . We show that $ℓ^{\infty} ((ℓ^{p} \oplus ℓ ²))$ is not amenable for p = 1,∞, but also that our methods fail us if p ∈ (1,∞). Finally, for p ∈ (1,2) and a free ultrafilter over...

Cambrian fans

Nathan Reading, David E. Speyer (2009)

Journal of the European Mathematical Society

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For a finite Coxeter group $W$ and a Coxeter element $c$ of $W$ ; the $c$ -Cambrian fan is a coarsening of the fan defined by the reflecting hyperplanes of $W$ . Its maximal cones are naturally indexed by the $c$ -sortable elements of $W$ . The main result of this paper is that the known bijection cl $_{c}$ between $c$ -sortable elements and $c$ -clusters induces a combinatorial isomorphism of fans. In particular, the $c$ -Cambrian fan is combinatorially isomorphic to the normal fan of the generalized associahedron for...

Equalizers and coactions of groups

Martin Arkowitz, Mauricio Gutierrez (2002)

Fundamenta Mathematicae

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If f:G → H is a group homomorphism and p,q are the projections from the free product G*H onto its factors G and H respectively, let the group $_{f} \subseteq G * H$ be the equalizer of fp and q:G*H → H. Then p restricts to an epimorphism $p_{f} {= p |}_{f} :_{f} \to G$ . A right inverse (section) $G \to_{f}$ of $p_{f}$ is called a coaction on G. In this paper we study $_{f}$ and the sections of $p_{f}$ . We consider the following topics: the structure of $_{f}$ as a free product, the restrictions on G resulting from the existence of a coaction, maps of coactions and...

A density version of the Carlson–Simpson theorem

Pandelis Dodos, Vassilis Kanellopoulos, Konstantinos Tyros (2014)

Journal of the European Mathematical Society

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We prove a density version of the Carlson–Simpson Theorem. Specifically we show the following. For every integer $k \geq 2$ and every set $A$ of words over $k$ satisfying $\lim \sup_{n \to \infty} | A \cap {[k]}^{n} | / k^{n} > 0$ there exist a word $c$ over $k$ and a sequence $(w_{n})$ of left variable words over $k$ such that the set $c \cup {c^{} w_{0} {(a_{0})}^{} . . .^{} w_{n} (a_{n}) : n \in ℕ and a_{0}, . . ., a_{n} \in [k]}$ is contained in $A$ . While the result is infinite-dimensional its proof is based on an appropriate finite and quantitative version, also obtained in the paper.

On operators from $ℓ_{s}$ to $ℓ_{p} \otimes ̂ ℓ_{q}$ or to $ℓ_{p} \hat{\otimes ̂} ℓ_{q}$

Christian Samuel (2010)

Colloquium Mathematicae

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We show that every operator from $ℓ_{s}$ to $ℓ_{p} \otimes ̂ ℓ_{q}$ is compact when 1 ≤ p,q < s and that every operator from $ℓ_{s}$ to $ℓ_{p} \hat{\otimes ̂} ℓ_{q}$ is compact when 1/p + 1/q > 1 + 1/s.

Product decompositions of quasirandom groups and a Jordan type theorem

Nikolay Nikolov, László Pyber (2011)

Journal of the European Mathematical Society

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We first note that a result of Gowers on product-free sets in groups has an unexpected consequence: If $k$ is the minimal degree of a representation of the finite group $G$ , then for every subset $B$ of $G$ with $| B | > | G | / k^{1 / 3}$ we have $B^{3} = G$ . We use this to obtain improved versions of recent deep theorems of Helfgott and of Shalev concerning product decompositions of finite simple groups, with much simpler proofs. On the other hand, we prove a version of Jordan’s theorem which implies that if $k \geq 2$ , then $G$ has a...

On the structural theory of ${II}_{1}$ factors of negatively curved groups

Ionut Chifan, Thomas Sinclair (2013)

Annales scientifiques de l'École Normale Supérieure

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Ozawa showed in [21] that for any i.c.c. hyperbolic group, the associated group factor $L Γ$ is solid. Developing a new approach that combines some methods of Peterson [29], Ozawa and Popa [27, 28], and Ozawa [25], we strengthen this result by showing that $L Γ$ is strongly solid. Using our methods in cooperation with a cocycle superrigidity result of Ioana [12], we show that profinite actions of lattices in $Sp (n, 1)$ , $n \geq 2$ , are virtually $W^{*}$ -superrigid.

$Σ_{s}$ -products revisited

Reynaldo Rojas-Hernández (2015)

Commentationes Mathematicae Universitatis Carolinae

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We show that any $Σ_{s}$ -product of at most $𝔠$ -many $L Σ (\leq ω)$ -spaces has the $L Σ (\leq ω)$ -property. This result generalizes some known results about $L Σ (\leq ω)$ -spaces. On the other hand, we prove that every $Σ_{s}$ -product of monotonically monolithic spaces is monotonically monolithic, and in a similar form, we show that every $Σ_{s}$ -product of Collins-Roscoe spaces has the Collins-Roscoe property. These results generalize some known results about the Collins-Roscoe spaces and answer some questions due to Tkachuk [Lifting the Collins-Roscoe...

On critical values of twisted Artin $L$ -functions

Peng-Jie Wong (2017)

Czechoslovak Mathematical Journal

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We give a simple proof that critical values of any Artin $L$ -function attached to a representation $ρ$ with character $χ_{ρ}$ are stable under twisting by a totally even character $χ$ , up to the $dim ρ$ -th power of the Gauss sum related to $χ$ and an element in the field generated by the values of $χ_{ρ}$ and $χ$ over $ℚ$ . This extends a result of Coates and Lichtenbaum as well as the previous work of Ward.

On a conjecture of Dekking : The sum of digits of even numbers

Iurie Boreico, Daniel El-Baz, Thomas Stoll (2014)

Journal de Théorie des Nombres de Bordeaux

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Let $q \geq 2$ and denote by $s_{q}$ the sum-of-digits function in base $q$ . For $j = 0, 1, \dots, q - 1$ consider $# {0 \leq n < N : s_{q} (2 n) \equiv j (mod q)} .$ In 1983, F. M. Dekking conjectured that this quantity is greater than $N / q$ and, respectively, less than $N / q$ for infinitely many $N$ , thereby claiming an absence of a drift (or Newman) phenomenon. In this paper we prove his conjecture.