In applying control (or feedback) theory to (mechanic) Lagrangian systems, so far forces have been generally used as values of the control $u(\cdot )$. However these values are those of a Lagrangian co-ordinate in various interesting problems with a scalar control $u=u(\cdot )$, where this control is carried out physically by adding some frictionless constraints. This pushed the author to consider a typical Lagrangian system $\mathrm{\Sigma }$, referred to a system $\chi$ of Lagrangian co-ordinates, and to try and write some handy...

Let $\mathrm{\Sigma }$ be a constrained mechanical system locally referred to state coordinates $(q^1,\mathrm{\dots },q^N,{\gamma }^1,\mathrm{\dots },{\gamma }^M)$. Let $({\tilde{\gamma }}^1\mathrm{\dots }{\tilde{\gamma }}^M)(\cdot )$ be an assigned trajectory for the coordinates ${\gamma }^{\alpha }$ and let $u(\cdot )$ be a scalar function of the time, to be thought as a control. In [4] one considers the control system ${\mathrm{\Sigma }}_{\widehat{\gamma }}$, which is parametrized by the coordinates $(q^1,\mathrm{\dots },q^N)$ and is obtained from $\mathrm{\Sigma }$ by adding the time-dependent, holonomic constraints ${\gamma }^{\alpha }={\widehat{\gamma }}^{\alpha }(t):={\tilde{\gamma }}^{\alpha }(u(t))$. More generally, one can consider a vector-valued control $u(\cdot )=(u^1,\mathrm{\dots },u^M)(\cdot )$ which is directly identified with $\widehat{\gamma }(\cdot )=({\widehat{\gamma }}^1,\mathrm{\dots },{\widehat{\gamma }}^M)(\cdot )$. If one denotes the momenta...

In [1] I and II various equivalence theorems are proved; e.g. an ODE $(ℰ)\dot{z}=F(t,z,u,\dot{u})(\in {ℝ}^m)$ with a scalar control $u=u(\cdot )$ is linear w.r.t. $\dot{u}$ iff $(\alpha )$ its solution $z(u,\cdot )$ with given initial conditions (chosen arbitrarily) is continuous w.r.t. $u$ in a certain sense, or iff $(\beta )$ $z(u,\cdot )$ satisfies certain conditions by which $1^{st}$-order discontinuities of $u$ and $\dot{u}$ can be treated satisfactorily. In the case when, for $z=(q,p)$ equation $(ℰ)$ is a semi-Hamiltonian system, equivalent to a system of Lagrangian equations of a general type,...

See Summary in Note I. First, on the basis of some results in [2] or [5]-such as Lemmas 8.1 and 10.1-the general (mathematical) theorems on controllizability proved in Note I are quickly applied to (mechanic) Lagrangian systems. Second, in case $\mathrm{\Sigma }$, $\chi$ and $M$ satisfy conditions (11.7) when $𝒬$ is a polynomial in $\dot{\gamma }$, conditions (C)-i.e. (11.8) and (11.7) with $𝒬\equiv 0$-are proved to be necessary for treating satisfactorily $\mathrm{\Sigma }$'s hyper-impulsive motions (in which positions can suffer first order discontinuities)....

Sia $K\subset \subset {ℝ}^n$ un compatto, $f\ge 0$ una funzione analitica all'intorno di $K$, ed $m$ la massima molteplicità in $K$ degli zeri di $f$; si prova che la potenza $f^{\lambda }$ ($\lambda \in ℂ$, $Re\lambda >\mathrm{—}\frac{1}{m}$) è integrabile in $K$. L'estensione meromorfa dell'applicazione $\lambda \to f^{\lambda }$ da $Re\lambda >0$ a tutto $ℂ$ (con valori in ${𝒟}^{\prime }(K)$ anziché in $L^1(K)$) era già stata provata in [1] e [2].

We consider the equation $$-y^{\text{'}}\left(x\right)+q\left(x\right)y(x-\varphi \left(x\right))=f\left(x\right),x\in ℝ,$$ where $\varphi$ and $q$ ($q\ge 1$) are positive continuous functions for all $x\in ℝ$ and $f\in C\left(ℝ\right)$. By a solution of the equation we mean any function $y$, continuously differentiable everywhere in $ℝ$, which satisfies the equation for all $x\in ℝ$. We show that under certain additional conditions on the functions $\varphi$ and $q$, the above equation has a unique solution $y$, satisfying the inequality $$\parallel y^{\text{'}}{\parallel }_{C\left(ℝ\right)}+{\parallel qy\parallel }_{C\left(ℝ\right)}\le c{\parallel f\parallel }_{C\left(ℝ\right)},$$ where the constant $c\in (0,\infty )$ does not depend on the choice of $f$.

It is proved that real functions on $ℝ$ which can be represented as the difference of two semiconvex functions with a general modulus (or of two lower $C^1$-functions, or of two strongly paraconvex functions) coincide with semismooth functions on $ℝ$ (i.e. those locally Lipschitz functions on $ℝ$ for which $f_{+}^{\text{'}}\left(x\right)={lim}_{t\to x+}{f}_{+}^{\text{'}}\left(t\right)$ and $f_{-}^{\text{'}}\left(x\right)={lim}_{t\to x-}{f}_{-}^{\text{'}}\left(t\right)$ for each $x$). Further, for each modulus $\omega$, we characterize the class $DS{C}_{\omega }$ of functions on $ℝ$ which can be written as $f=g-h$, where $g$ and $h$ are semiconvex with modulus $C\omega$ (for some $C>0$) using a new...

Given an integer $n\ge 3$, let $u_1,...,u_n$ be pairwise coprime integers $\ge 2$, $𝒟$ a family of nonempty proper subsets of $\{1,...,n\}$ with “enough” elements, and $\epsilon$ a function $𝒟\to \{\pm 1\}$. Does there exist at least one prime $q$ such that $q$ divides ${\prod }_{i\in I}{u}_i-\epsilon \left(I\right)$ for some $I\in 𝒟$, but it does not divide $u_1\cdots u_n$? We answer this question in the positive when the $u_i$ are prime powers and $\epsilon$ and $𝒟$ are subjected to certain restrictions. We use the result to prove that, if ${\epsilon }_0\in \{\pm 1\}$ and $A$ is a set of three or more primes that contains all prime divisors of any...

Let $r(G_1,G_2)$ be the Ramsey number of the two graphs $G_1$ and $G_2$. For $n_1\ge n_2\ge 1$ let $S(n_1,n_2)$ be the double star given by $V\left(S(n_1,n_2)\right)=\{v_0,v_1,...,v_{n_1},w_0$, $w_1,...,w_{n_2}\}$ and $E\left(S(n_1,n_2)\right)=\{v_0{v}_1,...,v_0{v}_{n_1},v_0{w}_0,w_0{w}_1,...,w_0{w}_{n_2}\}$. We determine $r(K_{1,m-1},$ $S(n_1,n_2))$ under certain conditions. For $n\ge 6$ let $T_n^3=S(n-5,3)$, $T_n^{\text{'}\text{'}}=(V,E_2)$ and $T_n^{\text{'}\text{'}\text{'}}=(V,E_3)$, where $V=\{v_0,v_1,...,v_{n-1}\}$, $E_2=\{v_0{v}_1,...,v_0{v}_{n-4},v_1{v}_{n-3}$, $v_1{v}_{n-2},v_2{v}_{n-1}\}$ and $E_3=\{v_0{v}_1,...,v_0{v}_{n-4},v_1{v}_{n-3},$ $v_2{v}_{n-2},v_3{v}_{n-1}\}$. We also obtain explicit formulas for $r(K_{1,m-1},T_n)$, $r(T_m^{\text{'}},T_n)$ $(n\ge m+3)$, $r(T_n,T_n)$, $r(T_n^{\text{'}},T_n)$ and $r(P_n,T_n)$, where $T_n\in \{T_n^{\text{'}\text{'}},T_n^{\text{'}\text{'}\text{'}},T_n^3\}$, $P_n$ is the path on $n$ vertices and $T_n^{\text{'}}$ is the unique tree with $n$ vertices and maximal degree $n-2$.

Let $G$ be a group and $\omega \left(G\right)$ be the set of element orders of $G$. Let $k\in \omega \left(G\right)$ and $m_k\left(G\right)$ be the number of elements of order $k$ in $G$. Let nse$\left(G\right)=\{m_k\left(G\right):k\in \omega \left(G\right)\}$. Assume $r$ is a prime number and let $G$ be a group such that nse$\left(G\right)=$ nse$\left(S_r\right)$, where $S_r$ is the symmetric group of degree $r$. In this paper we prove that $G\cong S_r$, if $r$ divides the order of $G$ and $r^2$ does not divide it. To get the conclusion we make use of some well-known results on the prime graphs of finite simple groups and their components.

See Summary in Note I. First, on the basis of some results in [2] or [5]-such as Lemmas 8.1 and 10.1-the general (mathematical) theorems on controllizability proved in Note I are quickly applied to (mechanic) Lagrangian systems. Second, in case $\mathrm{\Sigma }$, $\chi$ and $M$ satisfy conditions (11.7) when $𝒬$ is a polynomial in $\dot{\gamma }$, conditions (C)-i.e. (11.8) and (11.7) with $𝒬\equiv 0$-are proved to be necessary for treating satisfactorily $\mathrm{\Sigma }$'s hyper-impulsive motions (in which positions can suffer first order discontinuities)....

For the dynamics $x^{\text{'}\text{'}}=-{\nabla }_{x}V\left(x\right)$, an equilibrium point $\underline{x}$ are always unstable when on a neighborhood of $\underline{x}$ the non constant $V$ satisfies $P(x,\partial )V=0$ for a real second order elliptic $P$. The proof uses a result of Kozlov [6].

Sia $K\subset \subset {ℝ}^n$ un compatto, $f\ge 0$ una funzione analitica all'intorno di $K$, ed $m$ la massima molteplicità in $K$ degli zeri di $f$; si prova che la potenza $f^{\lambda }$ ($\lambda \in ℂ$, $Re\lambda >\mathrm{—}\frac{1}{m}$) è integrabile in $K$. L'estensione meromorfa dell'applicazione $\lambda \to f^{\lambda }$ da $Re\lambda >0$ a tutto $ℂ$ (con valori in ${𝒟}^{\prime }(K)$ anziché in $L^1(K)$) era già stata provata in [1] e [2].

Let $\Omega$ be a bounded domain of class $C^2$ in $ℝ$N and let $K$ be a compact subset of $\partial \Omega$. Assume that $q\ge (N+1)/\left(N-1\right)$ and denote by $U_K$ the maximal solution of $-\Delta u+u^q=0$ in $\Omega$ which vanishes on $\partial \Omega \setminus K$. We obtain sharp upper and lower estimates for $U_K$ in terms of the Bessel capacity $C_{2/q,q^{\text{'}}}$ and prove that $U_K$ is $\sigma$-moderate. In addition we describe the precise asymptotic behavior of $U_K$ at points $\sigma \in K$, which depends on the “density” of $K$ at $\sigma$, measured in terms of the capacity $C_{2/q,q^{\text{'}}}$.

The half-linear differential equation $$\left(\right|u^{\text{'}}{|}^{\alpha }\mathrm{sgn}{u}^{\text{'}}{)}^{\text{'}}=\alpha ({\lambda }^{\alpha +1}+b\left(t\right)){\left|u\right|}^{\alpha }\mathrm{sgn}u,t\ge t_0,$$ is considered, where $\alpha$ and $\lambda$ are positive constants and $b\left(t\right)$ is a real-valued continuous function on $[t_0,\infty )$. It is proved that, under a mild integral smallness condition of $b\left(t\right)$ which is weaker than the absolutely integrable condition of $b\left(t\right)$, the above equation has a nonoscillatory solution $u_0\left(t\right)$ such that $u_0\left(t\right)\sim {\mathrm{e}}^{-\lambda t}$ and $u_0^{\text{'}}\left(t\right)\sim -\lambda {\mathrm{e}}^{-\lambda t}$ ($t\to \infty$), and a nonoscillatory solution $u_1\left(t\right)$ such that $u_1\left(t\right)\sim {\mathrm{e}}^{\lambda t}$ and $u_1^{\text{'}}\left(t\right)\sim \lambda {\mathrm{e}}^{\lambda t}$ ($t\to \infty$).

We discuss the validity of the Helmholtz decomposition of the Muckenhoupt $A_p$-weighted $L^p$-space ${\left(L_w^p\left(\Omega \right)\right)}^n$ for any domain $\Omega$ in ${ℝ}^n$, $n\in \mathbb{Z}$, $n\ge 2$, $1<p<\infty$ and Muckenhoupt $A_p$-weight $w\in A_p$. Set $p^{\text{'}}:=p/(p-1)$ and $w^{\text{'}}:=w^{-1/(p-1)}$. Then the Helmholtz decomposition of ${\left(L_w^p\left(\Omega \right)\right)}^n$ and ${\left(L_{w^{\text{'}}}^{p^{\text{'}}}\left(\Omega \right)\right)}^n$ and the variational estimate of $L_{w,\pi }^p\left(\Omega \right)$ and $L_{w^{\text{'}},\pi }^{p^{\text{'}}}\left(\Omega \right)$ are equivalent. Furthermore, we can replace $L_{w,\pi }^p\left(\Omega \right)$ and $L_{w^{\text{'}},\pi }^{p^{\text{'}}}\left(\Omega \right)$ by $L_{w,\sigma }^p\left(\Omega \right)$ and $L_{w^{\text{'}},\sigma }^{p^{\text{'}}}\left(\Omega \right)$, respectively. The proof is based on the reflexivity and orthogonality of $L_{w,\pi }^p\left(\Omega \right)$ and $L_{w,\sigma }^p\left(\Omega \right)$ and the Hahn-Banach theorem. As a corollary of our main result, we obtain the extrapolation...

Let $G$ be a finite group. The prime graph of $G$ is a simple graph $\Gamma \left(G\right)$ whose vertex set is $\pi \left(G\right)$ and two distinct vertices $p$ and $q$ are joined by an edge if and only if $G$ has an element of order $pq$. A group $G$ is called $k$-recognizable by prime graph if there exist exactly $k$ nonisomorphic groups $H$ satisfying the condition $\Gamma \left(G\right)=\Gamma \left(H\right)$. A 1-recognizable group is usually called a recognizable group. In this problem, it was proved that $\mathrm{PGL}(2,p^{\alpha })$ is recognizable, if $p$ is an odd prime and $\alpha >1$ is odd. But for even $\alpha$, only...