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Characterization of knot complements in the n-sphere

Vo-Thanh Liem, Gerard Venema (1995)

Fundamenta Mathematicae

Knot complements in the n-sphere are characterized. A connected open subset W of S n is homeomorphic with the complement of a locally flat (n-2)-sphere in S n , n ≥ 4, if and only if the first homology group of W is infinite cyclic, W has one end, and the homotopy groups of the end of W are isomorphic to those of S 1 in dimensions less than n/2. This result generalizes earlier theorems of Daverman, Liem, and Liem and Venema.

Cocycle invariants of codimension 2 embeddings of manifolds

Józef H. Przytycki, Witold Rosicki (2014)

Banach Center Publications

We consider the classical problem of a position of n-dimensional manifold Mⁿ in n + 2 . We show that we can define the fundamental (n+1)-cycle and the shadow fundamental (n+2)-cycle for a fundamental quandle of a knotting M n + 2 . In particular, we show that for any fixed quandle, quandle coloring, and shadow quandle coloring, of a diagram of Mⁿ embedded in n + 2 we have (n+1)- and (n+2)-(co)cycle invariants (i.e. invariant under Roseman moves).

Crosscaps and knots.

Clark, Bradd Evans (1978)

International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences

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