One of the main aims of the present and the next part [15] is to show that the theory of graphs (its language and results) can be very useful in algebraic investigations. We characterize, in terms of isomorphisms of some digraphs, all pairs $\langle 𝐀,𝐋\rangle$, where $𝐀$ is a finite unary algebra and $L$ a finite lattice such that the subalgebra lattice of $𝐀$ is isomorphic to $𝐋$. Moreover, we find necessary and sufficient conditions for two arbitrary finite unary algebras to have isomorphic subalgebra lattices. We solve...

We use graph-algebraic results proved in [8] and some results of the graph theory to characterize all pairs $\langle {𝐋}_1,{𝐋}_2\rangle$ of lattices for which there is a finite partial unary algebra such that its weak and strong subalgebra lattices are isomorphic to ${𝐋}_1$ and ${𝐋}_2$, respectively. Next, we describe other pairs of subalgebra lattices (weak and relative, etc.) of a finite unary algebra. Finally, necessary and sufficient conditions are found for quadruples $\langle {𝐋}_1,{𝐋}_2,{𝐋}_3,{𝐋}_4\rangle$ of lattices for which there is a finite unary algebra having...

We consider, for a positive integer $k$, induced subgraphs in which each component has order at most $k$. Such a subgraph is said to be $k$-divided. We show that finding large induced subgraphs with this property is NP-complete. We also consider a related graph-coloring problem: how many colors are required in a vertex coloring in which each color class induces a $k$-divided subgraph. We show that the problem of determining whether some given number of colors suffice is NP-complete, even for $2$-coloring...

Let p be an odd prime and let a be a positive integer. In this paper we investigate the sum $\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{{\sum }_{k=0}^{p^a-1}(h{p}^a-1}{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{k\left)\right(2k}{k)/m^k\left(modp²\right)}}$, where h and m are p-adic integers with m ≢ 0 (mod p). For example, we show that if h ≢ 0 (mod p) and $p^a>3$, then $\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{{\sum }_{k=0}^{p^a-1}(h{p}^a-1}{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{k\left)\right(2k}{{k)(-h/2)}^k\equiv ((1-2h)/\left(p^a\right))(1+h({(4-2/h)}^{p-1}-1))\left(modp²\right)}}$, where (·/·) denotes the Jacobi symbol. Here is another remarkable congruence: If $p^a>3$ then $\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{{\sum }_{k=0}^{p^a-1}(p^a-1}{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{k\left)\right(2k}{{k)(-1)}^k\equiv 3^{p-1}(p^a/3)\left(modp²\right)}}$.