The aim of this paper is to evaluate the growth order of the complexity function (in rectangles) for two-dimensional sequences generated by a linear cellular automaton with coefficients in $\mathbb{Z}/l\mathbb{Z}$, and polynomial initial condition. We prove that the complexity function is quadratic when l is a prime and that it increases with respect to the number of distinct prime factors of l.

We exploit the properties of Legendre polynomials defined by the contour integral ${𝐏}_n\left(z\right)={\left(2\pi \mathrm{i}\right)}^{-1}\oint {(1-2tz+t^2)}^{-1/2}{t}^{-n-1}\mathrm{d}t,$ where the contour encloses the origin and is traversed in the counterclockwise direction, to obtain congruences of certain sums of central binomial coefficients. More explicitly, by comparing various expressions of the values of Legendre polynomials, it can be proved that for any positive integer $r$, a prime $p⩾5$ and $n=r{p}^2-1$, we have ${\sum }_{k=0}^{\lfloor n/2\rfloor }\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2k}{k}\right)\equiv 0,1\text{or}-1(mod{p}^2)$, depending on the value of $r(mod6)$.

We systematically investigate the expressions and congruences for both a one-parameter family $\left\{G_n\left(x\right)\right\}$ as well as a two-parameter family $\left\{G_n(r,m)\right\}$ of sequences.

A prime $p$ is said to be a Wolstenholme prime if it satisfies the congruence $\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2p-1}{p-1}\right)\equiv 1(mod{p}^4)$. For such a prime $p$, we establish an expression for $\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2p-1}{p-1}\right)(mod{p}^8)$ given in terms of the sums $R_i:={\sum }_{k=1}^{p-1}1/k^i$ ($i=1,2,3,4,5,6)$. Further, the expression in this congruence is reduced in terms of the sums $R_i$ ($i=1,3,4,5$). Using this congruence, we prove that for any Wolstenholme prime $p$ we have $$\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{2p-1}{p-1}\right)\equiv 1-2p\sum _{k=1}^{p-1}\frac{1}{k}-2p^2\sum _{k=1}^{p-1}\frac{1}{k^2}(mod{p}^7).$$ Moreover, using a recent result of the author, we prove that a prime $p$ satisfying the above congruence must necessarily be a Wolstenholme prime. Furthermore, applying a technique...

Let $p>3$ be a prime, and let $q_p\left(2\right)=(2^{p-1}-1)/p$ be the Fermat quotient of $p$ to base $2$. In this note we prove that $$\sum _{k=1}^{p-1}\frac{1}{k·2^k}\equiv q_p\left(2\right)-\frac{p{q}_p{\left(2\right)}^2}{2}+\frac{p^2{q}_p{\left(2\right)}^3}{3}-\frac{7}{48}{p}^2{B}_{p-3}(mod{p}^3),$$ which is a generalization of a congruence due to Z. H. Sun. Our proof is based on certain combinatorial identities and congruences for some alternating harmonic sums. Combining the above congruence with two congruences by Z. H. Sun, we show that $$q_p{\left(2\right)}^3\equiv -3\sum _{k=1}^{p-1}\frac{2^k}{k^3}+\frac{7}{16}\sum _{k=1}^{(p-1)/2}\frac{1}{k^3}(modp),$$ which is just a result established by K. Dilcher and L. Skula. As another application, we obtain a congruence for the sum ${\sum }_{k=1}^{p-1}1/(k^2·2^k)$ modulo $p^2$ that also generalizes a...