On the number of nonquadratic residues which are not primitive roots
We show that there exist infinitely many positive integers r not of the form (p-1)/2 - ϕ(p-1), thus providing an affirmative answer to a question of Neville Robbins.
We show that there exist infinitely many positive integers r not of the form (p-1)/2 - ϕ(p-1), thus providing an affirmative answer to a question of Neville Robbins.
For natural numbers a,b and positive integer n, let R(a,b;n) denote the number of representations of n in the form . Lomadze discovered a formula for R(6,0;n). Explicit formulas for R(1,5;n), R(2,4;n), R(3,3;n), R(4,2;n) and R(5,1;n) are determined in this paper by using the (p;k)-parametrization of theta functions due to Alaca, Alaca and Williams.
We investigate and refine a device which we introduced in [3] for the study of continued fractions. This allows us to more easily compute the period lengths of certain continued fractions and it can be used to suggest some aspects of the cycle structure (see [1]) within the period of certain continued fractions related to underlying real quadratic fields.
Let ℤ be the set of integers, and let (m,n) be the greatest common divisor of integers m and n. Let p be a prime of the form 4k+1 and p = c²+d² with c,d ∈ ℤ, and c ≡ d₀ ≡ 1 (mod 4). In the paper we determine for p = x²+(b²+4α)y² (b,x,y ∈ ℤ, 2∤b), and for p = x²+(4a²+1)y² (a,x,y∈ℤ) on the condition that (c,x+d) = 1 or (d₀,x+c) = 1. As applications we obtain the congruence for and the criterion for (if p ≡ 1 (mod 8)), where Uₙ is the Lucas sequence given by U₀ = 0, U₁ = 1 and , and b ≢...
We study a family of quasi periodic -adic Ruban continued fractions in the -adic field and we give a criterion of a quadratic or transcendental -adic number which based on the -adic version of the subspace theorem due to Schlickewei.