The main result of this paper is the introduction of a notion of a generalized $R$-Latin square, which includes as a special case the standard Latin square, as well as the magic square, and also the double stochastic matrix. Further, the algebra of all generalized Latin squares over a commutative ring with identity is investigated. Moreover, some remarkable examples are added.

An $𝒮$-closed submodule of a module $M$ is a submodule $N$ for which $M/N$ is nonsingular. A module $M$ is called a generalized CS-module (or briefly, GCS-module) if any $𝒮$-closed submodule $N$ of $M$ is a direct summand of $M$. Any homomorphic image of a GCS-module is also a GCS-module. Any direct sum of a singular (uniform) module and a semi-simple module is a GCS-module. All nonsingular right $R$-modules are projective if and only if all right $R$-modules are GCS-modules.

A class of semirings, so called p-semirings, characterized by a natural number p is introduced and basic properties are investigated. It is proved that every p-semiring is a union of skew rings. It is proved that for some p-semirings with non-commutative operations, this union contains rings which are commutative and possess an identity.

In this note, for a ring endomorphism $\alpha$ and an $\alpha$-derivation $\delta$ of a ring $R$, the notion of weakened $(\alpha ,\delta )$-skew Armendariz rings is introduced as a generalization of $\alpha$-rigid rings and weak Armendariz rings. It is proved that $R$ is a weakened $(\alpha ,\delta )$-skew Armendariz ring if and only if $T_n\left(R\right)$ is weakened $(\overline{\alpha },\overline{\delta })$-skew Armendariz if and only if $R\left[x\right]/\left(x^n\right)$ is weakened $(\overline{\alpha },\overline{\delta })$-skew Armendariz ring for any positive integer $n$.