Classification of subfactors: the reduction to commuting squares. S. Popa (1990) Inventiones mathematicae
Commutators associated to a subfactor and its relative commutants Hsiang-Ping Huang (2002) Annales de l’institut Fourier Let N ⊆ M be an inclusion of I I 1 factors with finite Jones index. Then M = ( N ' ∩ M ) ⊕ [ N , M ] as a vector space. Here [ N , M ] denotes the vector space spanned by the commutators of the form [ a , b ] where a ∈ N , b ∈ M .
Composition of subfactors : new examples of infinite depth subfactors Dietmar Bisch, Uffe Haagerup (1996) Annales scientifiques de l'École Normale Supérieure